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this purpose. Consider a number of sensitiv-
ity runs with different slice thicknesses and
other parameters. Plot the results. Comment
on the presence of a vertical trend and the
importance of considering it in the simula-
tion model. Present the inal result that you 
choose.
Question 2: Calculate the vertical average of the drillhole
data, make a map of the vertical averages, and
comment on the need for modeling the areal
trend.
Generate a smooth areal trend using kriging,
inverse distance, or the contouring approach
used in Part One.
Question 3: Construct a 3-D trend model by combining
the 1-D vertical trend and the 2-D areal trend.
Comment on the practical implications of the
conditional independence assumption implicit
to the combination approach commonly used.
Also comment on the alternatives to construct
a 3-D trend.
Question 4: Calculate residuals as res = grade grade
trend . Plot a histogram of the residuals. Plot
a cross plot of the residuals versus the grade
trend values. Comment on any features that
would make it awkward to simulate the grade
residuals independently of the grade trend.
References
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Coombes J (2008) The art and science of resource estimation. Coombes
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Isaaks EH, Srivastava RM (1989) An introduction to applied geostatis-
tics. Oxford University Press, New York, p 561
Journel AG, Rossi ME (1989) When do we need a trend model? Math
Geol 22(8):715-739
Larrondo P, Deutsch CV (2005) Accounting for geological boundaries
in geostatistical modeling of multiple rock types. In: Leuangthong O,
Deutsch CV (eds) Geostatistics Banff 2004, vol 1, Springer, Novem-
ber, pp 3-12
Matheron G (1962-1963) Tome I: Traité de Géostatistique Appli-
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(1963), Editions B.R.G.M, Paris
Ortiz JM, Emery X (2006) Geostatistical estimation of mineral
resources with soft geological boundaries: a comparative study J
South Afr Inst Min Metall 106(8):577-584
 
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