Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Application (APL) Layer
Application Framework (APS)
Application
Object
240
Application
Object
1
Zigbee Device Object
(ZDO)
Endpoint 240
APSDE-SAP
Endpoint 1
APSDE-SAP
Endpoint 0
APSDE-SAP
Application Support Sublayer (APS)
APSME-SAP
NLDE-SAP
NLME-SAP
Network (NWK) Layer
NLME-SAP
MLDE-SAP
MLME-SAP
IEEE 802.15.4
defined
Zigbee Alliance
defined
End Manufacturer
defined
Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
PLME-SAP
PD-SAP
Physical (PHY) Layer
2.4 GHZ
868/915 MHZ
FIGURE 1.7
Architecture of IEEE Standard 802.15.4.
1.1.2
Applications of WSNs
The WSNs can be used in virtually any environment, even where wired con-
nections are not possible, the terrain is inhospitable, or physical placement
of the sensors is difficult. Besides that, WSNs enable autonomous monitoring
of physical quantities over large areas on a scale that would be prohibitively
expensive to accomplish with human beings. These attractive features pro-
mote the potential of WSNs for more application areas. There have been
many applications suggested for WSNs in the literature, and they can be
roughly classified into three categories as suggested by Culler, Estrin, and
Srivastava [14]:
Monitoring space
Monitoring entities
Monitoring the interactions of entities with each other and the en-
compassing space
The first classification includes environmental monitoring, indoor climate
control, and military and space surveillance. In military applications, for ex-
ample, a large quantity of the pervasive computing devices could be deployed
over a battlefield to detect enemy intrusion instead of manually deploying
the land mines for battlefield surveillance and intrusion detection [10]. The
second classification includes condition-based equipment maintenance, med-
ical health diagnostics, vehicle safety, urban terrain mapping, and structural
 
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