Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
FIGURE 5.23
Filling defect—The volume of the flash may be not considered.
FIGURE 5.24
Piping defect due to a bad study of the material flow.
After the finite element discretization, the overlap defects are closed loops in which nodes belong either
to the desired outline or to the forged part boundary. Then, the overlapping volume can be computed with:
----
2
R
2
fil,
h
1
desired
Z
k
1
(
Z
k
)
(
R
k
1
R
k
R
k
1
)
(5.40)
k
end
\
def
where (
R
,
Z
) are the cylindrical coordinates of the node
k
and
∂
def
denotes the boundary of the overlap
defects.
Forming Energy
Often, the optimization problem is not well posed, as several solutions may minimize the objective function.
So, it is better to introduce a regularization function in order to reduce the number of such solutions. The
total energy of the forming process is such a function. Moreover, it covers a real concern of the designer.
t
t
end
m
1
˙
q
1
ene
K
(
3
)
()
c
t
d
K
v
t
sdd
(5.41)
t
t
0
t
