Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
FIGURE 4.10
Examples of 3D simulation of injection upsetting.
FIGURE 4.11
Simulation of the forming of a stepped component using a preforming procedure.
or material deformation mode. Simulation of the movement of tools can be effected by prescribing
relative velocities for tools. For instance, in the simulation of injection forging with a retractable anvil
(
Fig. 4.12
)
, the billet was initially injection-upset while the anvil was retained static (static boundary
condition was applied to the anvil) (
Figs. 4.12a
and
b
)
. Initially, a free-gap height (parameter
) was
used to prevent the development of folds, after which a prescribed relative-velocity was effected between
the anvil and the injection chamber while the material was simultaneously injected into the die-cavity
T
