Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
(Rustad, 2003). The present status of disposition of global fi sh production
indicates that > 76% of fi sh produced is used for human consumption,
while the rest goes for reduction or miscellaneous purposes (FAO, 2010).
However, developed countries use fi sh in the processed form rather than
being marketed fresh (
Table 10.2
)
which would result in huge amounts
of processing wastes at the points of production for such items. As far as
global aquaculture production is concerned, China ranks fi rst (contributing
> 67% of world production) followed by India (~6% of world production);
freshwater fi sh culture is the main contributor for aquaculture production
with carps accounting for > 40% production (FAO, 2010).
Table 10.1
Global production (in metric tonnes) of different aquatic resources between
2003 and 2007
Year
Capture
Culture
Total
#
% change
$
Fishes*
Aq. plants
Fishes*
Aq. plants
Capture
Culture
Total
2003
90353972
1259379
42682153
12526482
133036125
-
-
-
2004
94363635
1366010
45924282
13930570
140287917
+4.43
+7.60
+5.45
2005
93253346
1305803
48149792
14789972
141403138
-1.18
+4.85
+0.79
2006
91994321
1143273
51653329
15075612
143647650
-1.37
+6.78
+1.56
2007
90063851
1104948
50329007
14858791
140392858
-2.14
-2.63
-2.32
*
:
Includes fi shes, crustaceans, mollusks etc.
#
: Total of capture and culture fi sh production—excludes aquatic plants.
$
: % change calculated on year basis—only for fi sh category.
Source: FAO (2010).
The major by-products generated through marine products processing
include visceral wastes, scales, waste (wash) water, fi lleting wastes (head,
frame bones, skins and fi ns), air bladder, body/head shell waste, calcarious
shells, etc. Similarly, freshwater fi shes through the inland fi shery activities
mainly meet the domestic demand for fi sh and fi sh products. Most of the
freshwater fi shes fi nd their way to consumer homes as table fi shes. This
effectively means that the major by-products generated in the domestic
markets include scales, skins, visceral mass (viscera, air bladder, gonads
and other organs), head and fi ns. Unlike the seafood processing sector,
freshwater fi sh or the inland fi sheries sector in general is unorganized and
hence poses a different level of waste disposal problems. Further, most
of these processing wastes are reported to be a good source of proteins
(including enzymes) and fats [including omega (ω)-3 fatty acids and
carotenoids]. If these biological compounds can be recovered, it would
serve the dual purpose of recovery of these biomolecules and reducing the
pollution problems associated therewith.
The present chapter excludes the general methods of preparation and
applications of aquatic silage (including both fi sh and shell fi sh silages).
For details on preparation and general uses (mainly as ingredients in
