Tissue Development, Repair, and Remodeling - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 731

Table 11.15. Growth factors in healing site (Source: [ 1377 ]; CTGF: connective tissue growth
factor; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; IGF: insulin-like growth
factor; IL: interleukin; KGF: keratinocyte growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor;
SmC: somatostatin-C; TGF: transforming growth factor; TNF: tumor-necrosis factor; VEGF,
vascular endothelial cell growth factor; EC: endothelial cell; FB: fibroblast; KC: keratinocyte; M ϕ :

macrophage; N ϕ : neutrophil; P: platelet; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell).

Type Cell source Target cells Effects

CTGF FB, EC FB TGF β 1 effector

EGF KC, M ϕ , P FB, KC Proliferation,

chemotaxis

FGF1/2 EC, FB, M ϕ Fb, KC Proliferation,

angiogenesis

FGF4 EC Chemotaxis

FGF7 FB KC Proliferation,

chemotaxis

IGF1 Fb, M ϕ EC, FB Proliferation,

collagen synthesis

IL1 α / β M ϕ ,N ϕ FB, M ϕ Proliferation,

collagenase synthesis,
chemotaxis

PDGF EC, FB, M ϕ , EC, FB, VSMC, Proliferation,

P, V S M C M ϕ , chemotaxis,

N ϕ matrix production

TGF β 1/2 FB, KC, M ϕ , Inflammatory Proliferation,

P cells, FB, KC chemotaxis,

Matrix production

TGF β 3 M ϕ FB

TGF α KC, Mϕ , P FB, KC Proliferation,

TNF α Nϕ FB, KC, Mϕ , GF expression

VEGF Mϕ , KC EC Angiogenesis

∼

and collagenase. The inflammatory stage (duration 48 h) is thus characterized by

a a fibrin clot and the presence of platelets and neutrophils.
The proliferative phase follows. Cells present in the wound are other types of
leukocytes, particularly monocytes and macrophages. Attracted monocytes differ-
entiate into macrophages. Macrophages kill bacteria that have been opsonized by
binding specific antibody and complement fixation products from serum exudate.
Macrophages also phagocytose cell debris. Enzymes and cytokines are secreted
by macrophages: collagenases, interleukins, and tumor-necrosis factor, all of which
stimulating fibroblasts and promote angiogenesis, and transforming growth factor.
Lymphocytes participate in the late inflammatory infiltration. Fibroblasts, which
have migrated from the vicinity under chemotaxis, produce ground matrix and then
collagen to build a new extracellular matrix.