Tissue Development, Repair, and Remodeling - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 723

NALP2, and NALP3 52 that links to adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein
(ASC). ASC recruits pro-inflammatory caspase precursors, which are activated by
NALP3 [ 1469 , 1470 ].
In fact, 3 types of inflammasomes have been identified [ 1471 ]: (1) NALP1
inflammasome that is composed of ASC, caspase-1, and caspase-5, in addition
to NALP1; 53 (2) NALP2 and NALP3 inflammasomes that contain, in addition to
NALP2 or NALP3, Cardinal, 54 ASC, and caspase-1; and (3) NLRC4 inflammasome
made of NLR family, CARD domain-containing protein NLRC4, or caspase-1. 55
The NALP and NLRC4 proteins are members of the nucleotide-binding oligomer-
ization domain (NOD)-containing protein-like receptor (NOD-like; NLR) family of
cytoplasmic proteins. They serve as pathogen-recognition receptors.
Vessel walls and heart express fewer types of TLRs and NLRs than immunocytes
and other cell types of defense tissues, such as blood, lymph nodes, thymus, and tra-
chea. Therefore, a model of 3-tier tissues according to synthesis of inflammasomes
has been proposed [ 1472 ]. Tier-1 tissues, such as blood, brain, thymus, and placenta,
constitutively express inflammasomes. Tier-2 tissues have inflammasomes in nearly
ready status that requires upregulation of one component to assemble functional
inflammasomes. Tier-3 tissues, such as heart and bone marrow, need upregulation
of at least 2 components.

11.5.7 Angiogenesis and Inflammation

Vascular endothelial cells are hubs in the body's defense, as they are involved in
2 linked processes: angiogenesis and inflammation. Angiogenesis and inflammation
are indeed often coupled. Many inflammatory stimuli can activate the angiogenic
program of endothelial cells that destabilizes cell junctions (tight and adherens
junctions) and elevates vessel permeability.
Increased capillary permeability in inflammatory sites that can result from action
of VEGF and NO, among other mediators, causes leukocyte exit and deposition
of a fibrin-rich matrix. Subsequently, matrix peptidases permit displacement of
endothelial cells.

52 NALP3 is also named cryopyrin. NALP stands for NACHT (NB-ARC [Apaf-1/R gene/CED4]
nucleotide-binding domain), LRR (leucine-rich repeat), and pyrin domain-containing proteins.
53 Protein NALP1 is also named NLR family, pyrin domain-containing protein NLRP1; NB and
CARD domain-containing protein NAC; caspase activation and recruitment domain-containing
protein CARD7; and Death effector filament-forming Ced-4-like apoptosis protein (DEFCAP)
54 Cardinal is also termed caspase recruitment domain-containing CARD8 and tumor-upregulated
CARD-containing antagonist of caspase-9 (TUCAN).
55 A.k.a. interleukin-1

β

converting enzyme (ICE) peptidase-activating factor (IPAF); CARD, LRR,
and NACHT motif-containing protein (CLAN); and CARD domain-containing protein CARD12.