Tissue Development, Repair, and Remodeling - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 716

Table 11.9. Nuclear receptors that operate transcription regulators in immunocytes
(Source: [ 1463 ]; AP1: activator protein-1; CoREST: corepressor for RE1 silencing transcription
factor; FOxP3: forkhead box-P3; GR: glucocorticoid receptor; GRIP: glucocorticoid receptor-
interacting protein; IRF: interferon-regulatory factor; LXR: liver X receptor; NCoA: nuclear
receptor coactivator; NCoR: nuclear receptor corepressor; NuRR: nuclear receptor-related factor;
PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; RAR: retinoic acid receptor; RelA: component
of nuclear factor- κ B; ROR: RAR-related orphan receptor; T H17 : helper 17 T lymphocyte; TLR:

Toll-like receptor).

Type Immunocyte Partners Effect

GR Macrophages RelA, AP1, IRF3; Inhibition of

some TLR4/9 target genes

T lymphocytes NCoA2 (GRIP1) Inhibition of T H17 -cell

differentiation

LXR Macrophages NCoR1-NCoR2 Inhibition of

some TLR4 target genes

PPAR γ Macrophages NCoR1-NCoR2 Inhibition of

some TLR4 target genes

T lymphocytes Inhibition of T H17 -cell

differentiation
Inhibition of ROR γ

NuRR1 Microglia CoREST Inhibition of RelA-dependent

TLR4 target genes
T H17 -cell differentiation

RAR T lymphocytes Inhibition of ROR γ 2

FOxP3 synthesis

11.5.6.5 Nuclear Receptors

Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of agonist-activated transcription
factors (Vol. 3 - Chap. 6. Receptors) contain: (1) an N-terminus that serves in
transcriptional activation; (2) central DNA-binding domain; and (3) C-terminus with
a ligand-binding domain that mediates ligand-regulated transcriptional activation or
repression and frequently receptor homo- or heterodimerization.
Nuclear receptors are mainly aimed at regulating the initiation, magnitude, and
duration of gene transcription. Many nuclear receptors are widespread, but can have
cell-specific functions via collaborations with transcription factors. In particular,
nuclear receptors that act as activators and repressors control the beginning, propa-
gation, and resolution of inflammation (Table 11.9 ). Furthermore, nuclear receptors
regulate the differentiation and function of helper T-cell subpopulations [ 1463 ].
Classical steroid hormone receptors bind to gluco- (cortisol) and mineralocor-
ticoids (aldosterone), estrogens, progesterone, and androgens. These homo- and
heterodimeric activators bind to hormone response elements.
Orphan nuclear receptors, for which agonists have not yet been identified,
constitute a second family of the nuclear receptor superfamily. They bind to DNA
as monomers or homo- or heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (NR2b).