Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 11.5.
Chemokine receptors and other products of subpopulations of T lymphocytes
(Source: [
1445
]; Chap.
3
; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte; NK: natural killer cell; T
FH
: follicular
helper T lymphocyte; T
H
: helper T lymphocyte; T
Reg
: regulatory T lymphocyte; Ifn: interferon; IL:
interleukin; TNF: tumor-necrosis factor). T
H2
cells express chemoattractant receptor homologous
molecule expressed in T
H2
cells (CRTH2; a.k.a. prostaglandin-D2 receptor [DP
2
], G-protein-
coupled receptor GPR44, and CD294). The synthesis of T
H2
cytokines is enhanced by CCL2 and
CXCL4 chemokines. T
FH
cells localize to the follicular regions of B cells owing to chemokine
receptor CXCR5 and its ligand CXCL13 secreted by follicular stromal cells. T
Reg
cells modulate
the immune response to maintain immune tolerance. They reside mainly in the bone marrow owing
to CXCR4 chemokine receptor. During inflammation, they migrate using CCR2, CCR4 to CCR6,
and CXCR3 chemokine receptors. CD8
cytotoxic T cells (CTL) migrate to tissues where CCL3
and CCL4 are synthesized. NK cells upregulate CCR7 to migrate in response to CCL9 and/or
CCL21 chemokine.
+
T lymphocyte
Chemokine
Adhesion
Synthesized
type
receptors
molecules
cytokines and
chemokines
T
H1
CCR5/7,
ICAM1,
CCL5
CXCR3/4/6
PSGL1
IL1/2, 2Ifn
γ
,
CX3CR1
TNFSF1/2
T
H2
CCR4/7/8
IL4/5/10/13
CXCR4
T
H9
IL9/10
T
H17
CCR2/4 (at rest),
CCL20
CXCR4/6 (at rest)
IL17/21/22/26
CCR6 (activated)
T
H22
CCR4/6/10
IL22
T
FH
CXCR5
IL21
T
Reg
CXCR4 (at rest),
IL10,
CCR2/4/5/6/7,
TNFSF4/5
CXCR3 (migration)
CD8
+
CTL
CCR5
NK
CCR7
11.5.2.2
Adhesion Molecules Involved in Extravasation
Numerous adhesion molecules are implicated in transmigration, such as:
(1) selectins (E-, L-, and P-selectins);
31
(2) cadherins such as vascular endothelial
(VE)-cadherin, or cadherin-5; (3) immunoglobulin-like adhesion molecules, such
as platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule PECAM1, intercellular adhesion
31
E-selectin is also called endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule ELAM1 and leukocyte-
endothelial cell adhesion molecule LECAM2; L-selectin lymphocyte adhesion molecule-1 and
sulfated form of sialyl Lewis-X; P-selectin granule membrane protein GMP140 and platelet
activation-dependent granule to external membrane protein (PADGEM).
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