Vasculature Growth - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 658

onset influence differently neovascular growth. Early mechanical loading impedes
angiogenesis, whereas delayed loading enhances tissue formation and stimulates
vascular remodeling [ 1335 ].

10.7 Angiogenesis-Targeted Therapies

Angio- and lymphangiogenesis can be either promoted or reduced according to the
disease type (arterial lesions or cancers). Blood and lymph vessel formations are
regulated by interacting promoters and inhibitors (Table 10.17 ). Imbalance between
these factors can lead to disease.

10.7.1 Angiogenesis Promotion

Therapeutic angiogenesis by administration of growth factors (VEGF, PDGF, FGF,
and angiopoeitin) or gene therapy is aimed at treating artery diseases, especially

Table 10.17. Stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis (Source: [ 1336 ]).

Stimulators Inhibitors

Angiopoietin-1 Angiopoietin-2

Angiogenin Thrombospondins (Tsp1-Tsp2)

Adrenomedullin Cortisone

Vascular endothelial growth factor Angiostatin

Platelet-derived growth factor PTen

Fibroblast growth factor
Epidermal growth factor
Erythropoietin
Insulin-like growth factor IGF1
Hepatocyte growth factor
Transforming growth factor TGF α ,TGF β

Tumor-necrosis factor TNF α TNF α

Hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1, HIF2 Interferons Ifn α , Ifn β

Interleukins IL1, IL4, IL8 IL10

Matrix metallopeptidases Tissue inhibitors of matrix

Metallopeptidases TIMP1, TIMP2

Tissue factor Endostatin

Urokinase plasminogen activator
Platelet-activating factor
Nitric oxide
Protein kinase-B Protein kinase-B

Cyclooxygenase-2
Prostaglandins PGE1, PGE2, PGI2