Vasculature Growth - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 635

Table 10.14. Examples of growth factors and cytokines involved in angiogenesis and arteriogene-
sis (Source: [ 1252 - 1254 ]). Thymidine phosphorylase (TymP; a.k.a. gliostatin and platelet-derived
endothelial cell growth factor [PDECGF or ECGF1]) that belongs to the family of glycosyltrans-
ferases stimulates endothelial cell growth and promotes angiogenesis.

Molecule Target

Angiogenin EC

Angiopoietin-1 EC

CCL2 EC, SMC

EGF EC

FGF EC, SMC

Interleukin-1 EC, SMC

Interleukin-20 EC

PDGF EC, SMC

TGF EC (TGF α ⊕ ,TGF β ), SMC, ECM

TNF EC

Tym P E C , SM C

VEGF EC

10.6.4.3 Hedgehog

Hedgehog signaling participates in blood vessel development. It regulates dis-
tinct vascular patterning events using VEGF-dependent and -independent mecha-
nisms [ 1251 ]. Expression of VEGF in the mouse embryo depends on Hh signaling.
Hedgehog activity in both endothelial tube formation and Notch-dependent arterial
identity solely depends on VEGF regulation. Hedgehog effects are limited by Hh
inhibitor Patched-1 that depends neither on VEGF nor Notch.

10.6.5 Growth Factors

Many angiogenic factors exert chemotactic and mitogenic activities on vascular
endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as on fibroblasts. Moreover, they control
the metabolic functions of these cells. Numerous growth factors act on endothelial
and/or smooth muscle cells (Table 10.14 ).
Certain

growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and

angiopoietin-1, can act both on angiogenesis and vascular permeability.

Transforming growth factor- β stimulates extracellular matrix production to stabilize

the structure of new vessels.