Smooth Myocytes - Tissue Functioning and Remodeling in the Circulatory and Ventilatory Systems - page 392

Tabl e 8. 5. Examples of molecules synthesized by airway smooth myocytes, such as growth fac-
tors, including cytokines and chemokines, as well as receptors and enzymes (Main source: [ 739 ];
A i : adenosine receptor; AR: adrenergic receptor; B 2 bradykinin receptor; CCL: chemokine CC-
motif ligand; COx: cyclooxygenase; CSF: colony-stimulating factor; CysLT: cysteinyl leukotriene
receptor; ECM: extracellular matrix; ETR: endothelin receptor; H 1 : histamine receptor; ICAM:
intercellular adhesion molecule; Ifn receptor; IL i : interleukin type-

i ;IL i R: IL i receptor; K Ca 1.1: voltage-sensitive, calcium-activated large conductance potassium
channel (BK); LIF: leukemia inhibitory factor [a.k.a. cholinergic differentiation factor (CDF)
and differentiation-stimulating factor (DIA)]; LPAR: lysophosphatidic acid receptor; mAChR:
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; NKR: neurokinin
receptor; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; PAR: peptidase-activated receptor; PDGF: platelet-derived
growth factor; PGe2: prostaglandin-E2; PGi2: prostacyclin; sPLA2: secreted phospholipase A2;
PR: prostanoid receptor; RAR: retinoic acid receptor; RXR: retinoid X receptor; S1PR: sphingo-
sine 1-phosphate receptor; SCF: stem cell factor; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; VIPR:
vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor; 5HTR: serotonin receptors).

γ : interferon- γ ; Ifn γ R: Ifn γ

Type Molecules

Growth factors IGF2, PDGFa, PDGFbb, SCF, VEGFa

Cytokines CSF2, IL2/5/6/8/11/12, Ifn γ ,LIF

Chemokines CCL2/5/7/8/11

Receptors A 1 / 2 / 3 ,AR,B 2 ,CysLT,ETR,H 1 ,

LPAR, mAChR, NKR, PAR, PR, S1PR, VIPR, 5HTR
EGFR, IGFR1/2, PDGFR

α / β ,

IL2R, IL12R, IL13R, Ifn R, TNFRSF5,

CCR3, Class-2 MHC, CD44

γ

Adhesion molecules ICAM1, VCAM1

Lipid mediators PGe2, PGi2

Enzymes COx1/2, MMP1/2, NOS, sPLA2

Ion carriers IP 3 R, RyR, SERCA, Ca V 1/3

K IR 2.1, K Ca 1.1

ECM components Tenascin-C (during healing)

Nuclear receptors RAR α / β / γ ,RXR α / β

5 different receptor isoforms that result from various types of alternative splicing of
pre-mRNAs, such as alternative splice donors and acceptors, novel introns, intron
retentions, exon(s) skips, and novel exons [ 721 ].
In airways, GPCRs expressed on smooth myocytes contribute to the regulation
of contraction and relaxation state. Histamine, leukotriene, prostaglandin, and
muscarinic Gq-coupled receptors support contraction, whereas Gs-coupled β 2-

adrenergic receptors foster relaxation.
In addition, in airway smooth myocytes, G-protein-coupled receptors modulate
secretion of growth factors and other signaling mediators such as eicosanoids that
intervene in airway inflammation (Table 8.6 ).