Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Tabl e 1. 4.
Distribution of ions and proteins (mEq/l) in intra-, and extracellular spaces, and
plasma.
Cell
Intertitium
Plasma
Sodium (Na
+
)
10-15
130-150
135-145
Calcium (Ca
2
+
)
10
−
4
2-5
5-10
Potassium (K
+
)
135-150
4-5
3-5
Magnesium (Mg
2
+
)
30-35
1-3
1-3
Cations
180
152
155
Chloride (Cl
−
)
3-9
108-125
100-108
Bicarbonate (HCO
3
)
10-12
27-30
23-28
Phosphate (HPO
2
4
)
40-80
2-3
1-3
Sulfate (SO
2
4
)
20
1
1
Proteins
35-55
∼
0
14-16
Organic acid
20
5
5-6
Anions
180
152
155
ANP
RAAS
cotransporter
ATP
Na
Cl
K
Na
pump
Na
ADP
channel
K
Cl
Na
exchanger
external medium
(urine, feces, sweat)
intracellular space
extracellular space
Fig. 1.1
Types of ion motions in the 3 main fluid compartments, extracellular (particularly the
blood), intracellular, and external media
1.3.2
Glucids
Glucids are composed of: (1) oligosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose);
(2) disaccharides (saccharose, lactose, and maltose); and (3) polysaccharides (glyco-
gen). Glucose and fructose can be used by cells. Other glucids require degradation
into glucose. Glucids are important nutrients because they are energy sources.
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