Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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C. B IOHYDROGEN
1. Introduction
Molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) is a promising future energy source due to its clean combustion
and to its potential for sustainable production [1, 2]. While the challenges in converting
commercial processes based on hydrocarbon fuels to ones powered by hydrogen fuel cells are
great, including major modifications in fuel storage and transport infrastructure, the potential
advantages of hydrogen are sufficiently great to have drawn extensive attention to the
research and development of H 2 production and utilization technologies [3, 4].
Currently, H 2 is produced primarily by electrolysis of water, requiring a source of
electricity, and steam reforming of natural gas, requiring both a nonrenewable fossil fuel
feedstock and additional energy to create the necessary heat and pressure [2, 5]. To improve
the environmental profile of H 2 production, numerous other technologies are being developed
as well. Among these, microbial mechanisms that obtain energy either through photosynthesis
(via photosynthetic, nitrogenase-mediated, or photo-fermentative pathways) or through
consumption of organic substrates, potentially including organic wastes (water-gas shift and
dark fermentative pathways), are of particular interest because of their potentially low
requirements for expensive and non-renewable energy sources [6].
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