Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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D.
S
TARCHES
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P
ROTEINS
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P
LANT
O
ILS
,
AND
C
ELLULOSICS
1. Introduction
Polysacharides, plant proteins, plant oils and lignin are four of the most widely available
naturally occurring biomaterials, and they have therefore been the earliest materials utilized in
bioplastics production. In fact, in their raw forms these plant-based materials have been
exploited by humankind for millennia. Presently, starch is still the major component of
approximately 75 percent of green plastics production if all biodegradable plastics are
considered. Soy proteins have potential as adhesives and tremendous progress has been made
in the past decade in using chemical methods to convert soy and other plant oils into useful
materials. Cellulose, in turn, is emerging as a valuable component of bioplastics as a
reinforcing member of composites, lending strength, durability, and heat tolerance to various
biobased polymers. A brief discussion of these bioresources is presented here for
completeness, however, for many of the materials discussed in this section, chemical
manipulation is the predominant technology used to produce useful plastic materials.
Accordingly, the emphasis is placed on the more promising areas of investigation involving
industrial bioengineering techniques. For many of the materials within this broad class, the
predominant bioengineering occurs in the genetic manipulation of the plant to produce a more
