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on to glassy carbon electrode surface [43]. Millan, also used
Co(phen) and osminum complexes as hybridization indicator to
detecthybridization.Shortoligonucleotidesrelatedtocysticfibrosis
diseases were used as probe and target sequences [10]. Unmodified
probesequencewasimmobilizedontocarbonpasteelectrode(CPE)
and voltammetric transduction of metal intercalators was moni-
toredafterhybridizationoccurred.SameyearMillan'sgroupstudied
oncovalentlyattachmentscheme.OligonucleotidesincludingPolyA,
Poly T, Poly C, and Poly G were used as model case. Carbodiimide
chemistrywasfirstusedontoglassycarbonelectrode(GCE)surface
for covalently boundingof DNA [2].
This intercalator molecule has been investigated by many
workers, such as Mascini [44-45], Wang [46], and our group [38-
39]indetailed.In1999,J.Barton'sgroupfirstworkedonsingle-base
mismatch detection [19]. Thiol-modified oligonucleotide sequences
were attached on to gold electrode surface and hybridization
occurred with both full-match and mismatch target sequences.
The cyclic voltammetric transductions of intercalator molecules
including ruthenium complexeswere monitored.
Mascini and coworkers were focused on detection of real sam-
ples, and they used PCR products related to human Apolipoprotein
E genotypes in 2000 [47]. Graphite screen-printed electrodes
were firstly used for clinical detection as sensor surface. Probe
sequences were adsorbed at SPE and hybridization was determined
by using daunomycin as indicator. Kobayashi
et al.
[48] investigated
amicroelectrodearrayforsimultaneousandmultipleanalysis.They
designedasensorwhichhad32arrays,andthereforeitwaspossible
to work with several hybridization detection events at the same
time.Hybridizationandmismatchdetectionwasperformedbyusing
lineer sweep voltammetric transduction of a commercial redox
active dye molecule as an intercalator. Yang
et al.
[49] developed
a genosensor for detection of PCR products by using 7-deaza
analogues of guanine and adenine. Cyclic voltammetry was used for
transductionofrutheniumcomplexesforthedetectionof
E. coli
PCR
product. Barton's group used Rhodium derivates as intercalating
agent forrapid mismatch detection [50].
Our group is also focused on the detection of clinical analysis
based on intercalator molecules and on voltammetric transduction
