Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
19
Methods and Technologies for Leisure,
Recreation
, and an Accessible Sport
C. M. Capio, G. Mascolo, and C. H. P. Sit
CONTENTS
19.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 421
19.1.1 Self-Efficacy Theory ............................................................................................... 421
19.1.2 Facilitating Psychological Recovery through Sport .......................................... 422
19.2 Adapted Physical Activity: When Physical Activity Is for Everyone......................... 422
19.2.1 Adapted Physical Activity .................................................................................... 423
19.2.2 Types of APA Programs ........................................................................................ 423
19.3 Sport and Disability........................................................................................................... 425
19.3.1 Historical Perspective ............................................................................................ 426
19.3.2 Classification Systems within Paralympic Sports ............................................. 427
19.3.3 Sports Participation among Persons With Disabilities ..................................... 428
19.4 Sport and Disability Techniques and Technologies for a “Sport for All” ................. 429
19.4.1 Power Wheelchair Sports ..................................................................................... 429
19.4.2 Prosthetic Technology ........................................................................................... 430
19.4.3 Technology for Developing Countries ................................................................ 431
19.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 432
Summary of the Chapter ............................................................................................................ 432
References ..................................................................................................................................... 432
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Self-efficacy Theory
A well-established area of sport psychology has built research on the role of self-efficacy
in successful sports participation. Initially proposed by Bandura (1997), self-efficacy refers
to the belief than an individual has in his or her the ability to execute a task to generate a
specific outcome. This belief of having some amount of control over one's own function-
ing has been described to have a pervasive influence in an individual's task performance.
Studies of the self-efficacy construct in sport have included physical proficiency and dif-
ferent aspects of game performance such as strategy selection, prediction of opponent's
actions, and pressure management (Short and Ross-Stewart 2009).
Self-efficacy beliefs have been theorized to be products of an individual's cognitive pro-
cessing of diverse sources of efficacy information (Feltz et al. 2008). The four principal
sources of efficacy information as proposed by Bandura (1997) are (1) past performance
accomplishments, (2) vicarious experiences, (3) verbal persuasion, and (4) psychological
and emotional states. Among individuals with disabilities, efficacy information may be
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