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Alfi sol, great
group Hapludalf. At the top
the umbric epipedon (humus
A horizon) is nearly black ,
and below it is the gradual
transition to the intensive
brown illuviated B horizon
which contains more clay
particles leached out from the
humus horizon. At the bottom
is loess, the parent material
(C horizon) with whitish thin
CaCO 3 outcrops (WRB:
Luvisol)
Fig. 13.2 Andisol, great
group Haplidand. At the top
umbric epipedon (humus A
horizon) developed on
volcanic ash, which forms the
parent material (C horizon)
(WRB: Andosol. Source:
ISRIC, reference soil IT 016)
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