Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
5.2
Textbook Approval System in Japan
5.2.1
History and Procedure
All textbooks used in Japanese schools are published by private publishers after
passing a textbook examination set by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science, and Technology (MEXT). This is the textbook approval system established
by the School Education Law in 1947 (MOFA 2005 ).
The process of textbook development and approval involves the following steps:
writing and editing, screening, approval, publishing, and distribution. First, a pub-
lisher gathers together academics and school teachers. They read the Japanese national
curriculum and standards for textbook examination before beginning to write a text-
book. Following this, teachers discuss content with other members and editors during
the writing process. The publisher submits a sample to MEXT. The Textbook Approval
Research Council examines the text according to the Textbook Examination Standards.
At the same time, textbook research offi cers from MEXT cross-reference samples
with published standards. If the textbook does not meet a standard, MEXT requests
revisions. The publisher resubmits a revised version, at which time the Textbook
Approval and Research Council decides whether to recommend the textbook as
appropriate learning material. The fi nal decision rests with MEXT, who issues the
approval. The entire textbook approval process is lengthy; most textbook projects take
at least 3 years from the formation of the writing committee to actual use of the topic
in classrooms (MOFA 2005 ).
Textbooks are printed and distributed by many publishers, but the fi nal decision
on which books to use depends on local boards of education for public schools.
For private schools, this decision is made independently. The local education boards
and private schools notify MEXT of their textbook choices and the number of
students who will use them. Publishers are ordered by the Minister to print enough
copies to fulfi ll the total orders from all parts of the country. Figure 5.1 illustrates
the process and actors involved.
Textbooks are provided to all students at compulsory school levels (elementary
and junior high schools) for free, but students at the senior high level buy their own
textbooks.
5.2.2
National Curriculum Standards and Textbook
Approval System
The education content in Japan is defi ned in the Gakushu Shido Yoryo (National
Curriculum Standards). The National Curriculum Standards are the education
standards defi ned by the government. General rules in the National Curicculum
Standards at each school level state that teachers must organize the education
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