Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
the.distribution.of.toxic.trace.elements.in.groundwater.of.the.Mekong.River.
basin. of. Cambodia,. (2). to. assess. carcinogenic. and. noncarcinogenic. risks.
among. the. population. exposed. to. arsenic. through. groundwater. drinking.
pathway,.and.(3).to.determine.the.arsenic.content.in.scalp.hair.of.the.people.
living.in.the.Mekong.River.basin.
MaterialsandMethods
Study Area
Sampling. was. carried. out. within. three. purposely. selected. areas. with. dif-
ferent.arsenic.exposure.scenarios.in.the.Mekong.River.basin.of.Cambodia..
Kampong. Kong. commune. (Preak. Russey. and. Lvea. Toung. villages). in.
Kandal.province.was.selected.as.an.extremely.contaminated.area..Khsarch.
Andaet.commune.(Preak.Samrong.I.and.II.villages).in.Kratie.province.was.
selected.as.a.moderately.contaminated.area,.and.Ampil.commune.(Andoung.
Chros.and.Veal.Sbov.villages).in.Kampong.Cham.province.was.selected.as.
an.uncontaminated.area..Kratie.and.Kampong.Cham.provinces.are.located.
along. the. Mekong. River,. upstream. of. Phnom. Penh,. whereas. Kandal. prov-
ince.is.located.between.the.Mekong.and.the.Bassac.Rivers,.downstream.of.
Phnom.Penh.(Figure.5.1).
Field Sampling
Groundwater.samples.were.collected.from.the.study.areas.of.Kandal.(n.=.46).
and. Kampong. Cham. (n.=.18). in. February. 2009. and. Kratie. province. (n.=.12).
in.August.2009..Concurrently,.in.the.irst.batch.of.sampling,.some.scalp.hair.
specimens.were.also.sampled.from.the.study.areas.of.Kandal.and.Kampong.
Cham. provinces,. and. the. remainders. were. collected. in. the. second. batch..
Sampling.was.conducted.based.on.the.accessibilities.to.tube.wells,.the.will-
ingness.of.respondents.to.provide.hair.samples,.and.respondents'.claims.of.
tube-well. use. for. a. certain. period. of. time.. Each. groundwater. sample. was.
collected.from.a.tube.well.after.5-10.min.of.lushing.to.remove.any.standing.
water.from. the.tube..Groundwater.was.illed.in.two.separate.polyethylene.
bottles. for. different. purposes. of. analyses.. Raw. samples. (no. pretreatment).
were.analyzed.for.total.arsenic..Filtered.water.samples.(0.45.μm.pore.sized.
membrane. ilter). were. analyzed. for. the. trace. elements.. Simultaneously,.
onsite.measurements.for.additional.parameters.were.conducted.by.using.a.
HORIBA pH/Cond meter D-54
.for.pH.and.Eh..During.ield.sampling,.all.of.the.
collected.water.samples.were.kept.in.an.ice.box.and.were.then.transferred.
to.a.refrigerator.where.they.were.stored.at.4°C.until.delivery.to.GIST,.South.
Korea,. for. analysis.. Hair. samples. were. randomly. collected. from. several.
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