Bioavailability of Metals and Arsenic on Brownfield Land: Remediation or Natural Attenuation for Risk Minimization? - Environmental Contamination: Health Risks and Ecological Restoration - page 482

of.exposure..This.can.be.wasteful.in.terms.of.site.redevelopment,.greening,.
and. human. usage. of. brownield. land.. The. cited. case. studies. point. to. a.
natural. resilience. of. the. ecological. component. that. tends. to. stabilize. or.
reduce.potential.toxicity.pathways..Solutions.involving.engineering,.major.
land.disturbance,.intensive.landscaping,.and.vegetation.establishment.are.
expensive.. Furthermore,. environmental. engineering. solutions. frequently.
delay.site.redevelopment.and.may.be.wasteful,.unnecessary,.and.counter-
productive.. Longer-term. success. is. frequently. compromised. by. a. lack. of.
after-management. of. the. restored. or. remediated. site.. More. sensitive. and.
less. costly. management. of. natural. regeneration,. natural. succession,. and.
normal. ecological. processes. may. provide. more. effective. risk. minimiza-
tion.and.a.better.solution.for.brownield.land..In.some.situations,.minimal.
intervention.may.be.the.most.ecologically.beneicial.form.of.management.
of.contaminated.land,.presenting.both.negligible.risk.to.human.health.and.
beneits.to.nature.conservation.
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