Remediation and Reuse of Stormwater by Ecotechnology - Environmental Contamination: Health Risks and Ecological Restoration - page 422

systems. not. only. regulate. the. water. low. rate. and. reduce. the. buildup. of.
sediment.sludge.in.wet.weather.but.also.provide.recreation,.amenities.and.
environmental.education..Some.of.the.restored.and.created.wetlands.in.the.
lower.terrains.can.also.be.used.as.detention.ponds.to.regulate.loods.in.wet.
weather.. The. river. passing. through. Shezihlinpi. Wetland. Park. was. heavily.
polluted.by.discharges.of.domestic.wastewater.and.contaminated.stormwa-
ter.and.by.garbage.dumping..It.was.restructured.as.a.wetland.park.in.which.
the.contaminated.water.is.treated.by.a.loating.constructed.wetland.within.
the. river. planted. with. Water. Hyacinth. ( Eichhornia crassipes ).. The. wetland.
park. has. an. area. of. 3.75.ha,. an. average. water. depth. of. 1.5.m,.and. a. storage.
volume.of.approximately.56,250.m 3 ..The.park.land.next.to.the.river.provides.
a.focal.point.for.the.community.to.meet.and.relax.and.participate.in.its.man-
agement..Singapore.introduced.a.program.for.water.sensitive.urban.design.
in.2006.which.includes.constructed.wetlands.for.the.treatment.of.stormwater.
and.other.wastewaters..The.Sungai.Buloh.surface.low.stormwater.treatment.
constructed.wetland.was.completed.in.2009.with.an.area.of.1000.m 2 .and.6000.
plants.of.six.species.and.a.nutrient.removal.performance.of.64.4%.for.total.
nitrogen.and.24.4%.for.total.phosphorus.(Sim,.2010).
The.irst.Malaysian.urban.drainage.manual.advised.on.conventional.drain-
age.systems.to.provide.rapid.transport.of.stormwater.run-off.from.catchments.
to.receiving.waters.(DID,.1975)..However,.these.systems.have.led.to.an.increase.
in.the.occurrence.of.lash.loods.and.levels.of.water.pollution.downstream.of.
the.catchments..The.increase.in.the.urban.population.of.Malaysia.from.26.8%.
in.1970.to.50.7%.in.1991.and.a.projected.value.of.65%.by.2020.has.exacerbated.
the. problem. of. lash. looding.. The. current. Urban. Stormwater. Management.
Manual.for.Malaysia.(DID,.2001).promotes.the.application.of.BMPs.to.control.
the. quantity. and. quality. of. stormwater. and. eliminate. the. impact. of. future.
development.. A. stormwater.management.plan.in.the.city.of.Ipoh,. Malaysia,.
where.catchment.planning,.urban.infrastructure.and.services,.and.stakeholder.
participation. have. been. addressed,. illustrates. the. importance. of. Integrated.
Urban.Water.Management.(Parkinson.and.Mark,.2005).
One. solution. to. the. problem. of. introducing. BMPs. in. urban. areas. is. to.
create. new. cities;. for. example,. the. city. of. Putrajaya,. Malaysia,. with. 70%. of.
the.land.area.allocated.as.public.open.green.space,.illustrates.this.solution..
The. Putrajaya. wetland. system,. constructed. in. 1997. and. consisting. of. 24.
constructed.wetlands.(200.ha).and.a.downstream.lake.(400.ha),.is.located.in.
Putrajaya,.the.new.Federal.Government.Administrative.Center.in.Malaysia.
(Figure.19.2)..The.wetland.system.and.the.lake.provide.an.ecological.corridor.
and. enhancement. of. the. visual. landscape.and.biodiversity.. It.treats.storm-
water. in. the. catchment. area,. provides. lood. control,. and. demonstrates. the.
concept.of.sustainable.development.in.an.urban.area.(Sim.et.al.,.2008).
A.total.of.12.3.million.individual.plants.of.62.wetland.species.were.planted.
in.the.wetland.zone..Of.these.species,.27.are.emergent.marsh.species.includ-
ing. Phragmites karka ,. Typha angustifolia, Lepironia articulata, Eleocharis dul-
cis ,. and. Scirpus grossus .. This. planted. marsh. area. covers. about. 40%. of. the.