Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
marines.. The. investigation. on. PAEs. in. sediments. can. trace. back. to. 1982;.
Peterson.and.Freeman.published.a.report.on.the.detection.of.several.PAEs.
in. sea. bay,. Chesapeake. Bay. sediments. (Peterson. and. Freeman. 1982).. The.
report. showed. that. three. phthalate. esters,. DEP. (49.ng/g),. DBP. (93.ng/g),.
and. DEHP. (180.ng/g),. respectively,. were. present. in. the. sediments.. The.
concentration. of. these. PAEs. exhibited. a. particular. pattern. of. distribution.
over. depth. but. did. not. follow. a. clear. trend. with. time,. which. was. prob-
ably.attributed.to.the.discharge.from.nearby.factories.at.different.times.and.
varied.intensities.(Peterson.and.Freeman.1982)..However,.the.investigation.
also.indicated.that.the.movement.of.organism.in.sediments.such.as.benthic.
organisms. might. have. disturbed. the. concentration. gradient. distribution,.
causing.some.abnormal.results..Yuan.et.al..(2002).published.the.results.of.
sampled. sediments. from. six. rivers. in. Taiwan.. The. survey. presented. that.
several. PAEs. were. found. in. their. samples,. among. which. DEHP. and. DEP.
were.detected.at.very.high.concentrations..That.could.be.attributed.to.the.
large-scale.discharge.and.their.high.persistence.under.the.normal.environ-
mental.conditions.(Staples.et.al..1997).
Except. for. the. contaminated. sediments,. another. main. source. of. PAEs. is.
landills.from.which.various.sorts.of.wastes.are.disposed..Plastic.products.
account.for.a.large.proportion.of.the.wastes..After.getting.buried,.the.plas-
tics.release.organic.additives.under.the.landill.conditions.of.high.pressure.
and. elevated. temperature.. For. identifying. the. organic. chemicals. in. land-
ill. leachates,. Öman. and. Hynning. (1997). investigated. a. municipal. landill.
site.in.Sweden..They.discovered.that.in.this.landill.three.PAEs.(DEP,.DBP,.
and. BBP). were. found. in. all. domestic. wastes,. where. the. food. packaging.
materials. contained. high. concentration. of. DEP.. In. an. article. by. Bauer. and.
Herrmann.(1997),.a.number.of.domestic.wastes.are.classiied.as.food.wastes,.
plastic. wastes,. compound. packing. waste,. and. others.. In. these. domes-
tic. wastes,. the. compound. material. was. detected. containing. high. levels. of.
PAEs,. such. as. DMP. (3.4.mg/kg),. DEP. (18.2.mg/kg),. DBP. (1473.mg/kg),. BBP.
(178.4.mg/kg),. and. DEHP. (16,820.6.mg/kg).. Even. in. food. waste,. 0.8.mg/kg.
DMP.and.64.3.mg/kg.DEHP.were.also.detected..The.results.suggested.that.
these. organic.chemicals.may.appear.ubiquitously. in.the. landill..After. the.
wastes.were.imbedded,.PAEs.can.be.easily.leaked.into.soil.and.further.into.
the.surrounding.aquatic.environment,.such.as.underground.water..An.inves-
tigation.of.underground.water.conducted.in.Taiwan.reported.that.detectable.
residue.of.DBP.might.come.from.leaching.of.disposal.materials.(Yin.and.Su.
1996)..Paxéus.(2000).published.a.report.summarizing.the.results.of.a.survey.
about. three. landills.. Several. kinds. of. PAEs. were. detected. in. these. three.
landills,.including.DEP,.DBP,.BBP,.DEHP,.and.DnOP..However,.the.compari-
son. among. three. landills. on. the. concentration. of. PAEs. and. other. organic.
chemicals. showed. different. distribution. patterns. based. on. different. origi-
nation. of. domestic.wastes.. This.suggested. that.the.sources. of.wastes.were.
a.main.factor.inluencing.the.occurrence.of.organic.chemicals..Nascimento.
Filho.et.al..(2003).also.described.in.a.report.that.several.PAEs.were.identiied.
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