Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
15
Microbial Transformation of Phthalate
Esters: Dive
rsity of Hydrolytic Esterases
Ji-DongGuandYupingWang
CONTENTS
Introduction.......................................................................................................... 313
Industrial.Application......................................................................................... 316
Occurrence.and.Fate.in.the.Environment.................................................... 316
Receiving.Waters............................................................................................. 317
Sediments.and.Soils........................................................................................ 318
Toxicity.of.PAEs.to.Organisms...................................................................... 320
Degradation.of.PAEs...................................................................................... 324
Abiotic.Degradation....................................................................................... 324
Biotic.Degradation.......................................................................................... 325
Aerobic.Degradation...................................................................................... 325
Single-Species.Degradation........................................................................... 326
Consortium.Degradation............................................................................... 329
Degradation.Pathway.and.Enzymatic.Mechanisms.................................. 329
Measurements.for.Biodegradation............................................................... 335
Anaerobic.Degradation.................................................................................. 336
Marine.Microorganisms................................................................................. 337
Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 338
Acknowledgments............................................................................................... 338
References............................................................................................................. 339
Introduction
Phthalic.acid.esters.or.phthalate.esters.(PAEs).are.derivatives.of.phthalic.acid.
(PA).. Structures. of. PAEs. are. shown. in. Figure. 15.1.. When. methanol,. etha-
nol,. or. other. alcohols. react. with. the. carboxyl. groups. on. the. benzene. ring.
of. phthalic. acids,. the. corresponding. esters. are. formed. with. different. alkyl.
chains,.depending.on.the.alcohol.involved.in.the.reaction,.such.as.dimethyl.
phthalate. (DMP),. dibutyl. phthalate. (DBP),. and. di(2-ethylhexyl). phthalate.
(DEHP)..Each.PAE.has.three.isomers.on.which.the.carboxyl.groups.can.be.
313
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