Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
13
Handling Copper: A Paradigm for the
Mechanism
s of Metal Ion Homeostasis
KathrynA.GogolinandMarinusPilon
CONTENTS
Copper.in.Biology................................................................................................ 263
Forms.and.Availability.of.Copper................................................................ 263
Copper.and.Nutrition..................................................................................... 264
Requirements.for.Metabolism....................................................................... 265
Biochemistry.of.Copper.Transport.................................................................... 268
Types.of.Copper.Transport.Proteins............................................................. 268
Metal-Related.Interactions.and.Speciicity.................................................. 271
Copper.Transport.Proteins.across.Heterotrophic.Models............................. 272
Bacterial.Copper.Transport.Mechanisms.................................................... 272
Eukaryotic.Model.for.Copper.Regulation:.
Saccharomyces Cerevisae
.......... 281
Copper.Transport.Proteins.across.Autotrophic.Models................................. 283
Copper.Transport.in.Photosynthetic.Cyanobacteria.and.Algae.............. 283
Copper.Homeostasis.in.Higher.Plants.Using.
Arabidopsis.as.a.Model................................................................................ 284
References............................................................................................................. 286
CopperinBiology
Forms and Availability of Copper
Copper. is. a. transitional. element,. found. between. nickel. and. zinc. on. the.
periodic. table. of. elements.. This. metal's. atomic. number. is. 29. and. has. an.
atomic.weight.of.63.5.(Wulfsberg.2000)..Copper.concentrations.range.from.
3.to.110.ppm.in.soils.and.have.an.average.abundance.of.55.ppm.in.the.Earth's.
crust. (Linder. and. Goode. 1991,. Misra. 2000).. This. is. quite. rare. when. com-
pared.to.the.elements.aluminum.(81,300.ppm),.iron.(50,000.ppm),.and.man-
ganese. (950.ppm).. Other. elements. worth. noting. due. to. possible. inluence.
on.copper.transport.are.zinc,.cobalt,.lead,.silver,.and.gold..Zinc.abundance.
is.similar.to. copper.with.amounts.in.soils. ranging.from. 16.to. 95.ppm.and.
263
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