Removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Compounds of Emerging Concern in Public-Owned Sewage Treatment Works: A Review - Environmental Contamination: Health Risks and Ecological Restoration - page 167

TABLE 8.12
Removal.Eficiency.by.Different.AC.Treatments a

PowderActivated
Carbon a

PowderActivated
Carbon a Compounds GAC a

Atrazine 63 3 63

Caffeine 59 16 59

Carbamazepine 72 16 72

Erythromycin 52 8 52

Estriol 58 <1 58

Iopromide 31 72 31

Naproxen 60 6 60

Pentoxifylline 71 26 71

a. Data.from.Table.8.8.with. corrected headings .

It.was.concluded.that.in.USDI.2009.(Table.5.1).the.heading.for.“Activated.
Carbon.Adsorption”.should.be.“Powder.Activated.Carbon.Absorption”.and.
for.Table.B-1.the.heading.for.“PAC”.should.actually.read.“GAC”.and.“GAC”.
should.actually.read.“PAC.”.The.data.as.presented.in.Table.8.8.were.retabu-
lated.in.Table.8.12..The.performance.of.PAC.was.generally.better.than.GAC,.
with.one.exception.that.involved.the.removal.of.Iopromide,.which.probably.
occurred.due.to.the.bulky.size.of.the.target.compound.and.the.smaller.pore.
sizes.that.exist.in.PAC.particles.

Ozone Treatment

Ozone. is. a. pale. blue. gas. and. typically. obtained. from. an. ozone. generator..
The.generator.uses.a.high-voltage.dielectric.discharge.gap.where.oxygen.in.
the.air.is.converted.into.ozone,.a.higher-energy.state.with.a.triatomic.form.
(O 3 )..Ozone.is.a.very.reactive.gas.that.can.oxidize.bacteria,.moulds,.organic.
material,.and.other.pollutants.found.in.water..Oxidation.reactions.by.ozone.
are.not.selective,.and.it.reacts.with.a.wide.variety.of.organic.and.inorganic.
materials.in.water..It.is.a.strong.oxidant.and.disinfectant.that.does.not.main-
tain.a.residual.concentration.and.decays.very.rapidly.in.aqueous.solutions,.
unlike.free.chlorine.or.chloramines.(NH 2 Cl)..Ozone.through.the.formation.
of.free.radicals.such.as.HO * .radical.reacts.directly.with.many.EDC.and.PPCP.
compounds..The.reaction.reduces.POPs.and.CECs.at.the.level.of.5.mg/L.dose.
for.typical.water.disinfection.and.is.an.effective.means.for.removing.target.
organic.compounds.in.rivers.and.streams.(AWWARF.2007)..Ozone.is.effec-
tive.in.treatment.with.phenolic.compounds.(with.electron-donating.groups).
such. as. acetaminophen,. oxybenzone,. and. several. estrogens. (with. phenolic.
group.such.estradiol,.estriol,.estrone,.and.ethinyl-estradiol).can.be.effectively.
removed.using.ozone..A.number.of.compounds.with.electron-donating.capa-
bility,.including.gemibrozil,.hydrocodone,.naproxen,.and.sulfamethoxazole,.
also.were.almost.completely.removed.using.ozone.(Tables.8.13.through.8.15)..