Pragmatic Approach for Health Risk Assessment of Bauxite Tailing Waste Materials - Environmental Contamination: Health Risks and Ecological Restoration - page 108

of.quartz..The.dust.sample.collected.from.the.BT3.has.a.much.lower.quartz.
concentration..Therefore,.it.can.be.concluded.that.chronic.quartz.health.risk.
in.healthy.individuals,.including.silicosis.at.ambient.air.quality.as.calculated.
(<3.μg/m 3 .of.quartz),.is.considered.low.
Conclusions
Gibbsite,.kaolinite,.and.boehmite.were.the.major.minerals.found.in.the.baux-
ite. tailings,. and. Al,. Fe,. and. V. were. major. metal. loadings. containing. trace.
amounts.of.arsenic,.cadmium,.lead,.and.other.elements..The.quartz.concen-
trations.were.relatively.low,.with.the.highest.found.in.BT2..BT3.had.higher.
PM 2.5 .and.PM 10 .concentrations,.compared.with.BT1.and.BT2..Mineral.char-
acteristics.and.particle.size.distribution.proile.of.the.house.dust.resembled.
that. of. the. tailings. in. BT3.. This. led. to. the. conclusion. that. the. fall-out. dust.
that.impacted.the.residential.area.was.primarily.a.result.of.increased.earth-
moving.activities.at.BT3..The.bioaccessibility.for.the.major.contaminants.in.
bauxite.tailings.is.relatively.low..The.risk.of.both.acute.and.chronic.toxicity.
was.considered.to.be.low.at.this.study.site..However,.some.individuals.with.
asthmatic.and.pulmonary.(lung).conditions.may.experience.discomfort.dur-
ing.periods.of.high.dust.in.the.ambient.air..It.is.highly.recommended.that.
precautionary.measures.should.be.taken.in.order.to.minimize.impact.on.the.
susceptible.individuals.during.elevated.dust.event.
References
ATSDR.. 1992.. Toxicological. proile. for. vanadium.. US. Department. of. Health. and.
Human.Services,.Washington,.DC.
ATSDR.. 1997.. Toxicological Proile for Nickel .. US. Department. of. Health. and. Human.
Services,.Washington,.DC.
ATSDR..1999.. Toxicological Proile for Aluminum ..US.Department.of.Health.and.Human.
Services,.Washington,.DC.
Bruce.SL,.Noller.BN,.Grigg.AH,.Mullen.BF,.Mulligan.DR,.Ritchie.PJ,.Currey.N,.Ng.
JC..2003..A.ield.study.conducted.at.Kidston.Gold.Mine,.to.evaluate.the.impact.
of.arsenic.and.zinc.from.mine.tailing.to.grazing.cattle.. Toxicology Letters .137:.
23-34.
Bruce. SL,. Noller. BN,. Matanitobua. V,. Ng. JC.. 2007.. In-vitro. physiologically-based.
extraction. test. (PBET). and. bioaccessibility. of. arsenic. and. lead. from. various.
mine.waste.materials.. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A .70:.
1700-1711.