Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Acute.poisoning.due.to.aluminum.is.very.rare,.even.though.it.is.widespread.
in.the.environment,.including.food,.drinking.water,.and.many.antacid.medi-
cations..Aluminum.compound.has.been.widely.used.as.a.locculent.in.water.
treatment. for. many. decades.. Restrictive. pulmonary. disease. (pulmonary.
ibrosis).was.reported.to.exist.in.many.workers.in.the.aluminum.industry,.
particularly.in.the.1940s.when.the.industry.hygiene.standards.were.below.
par.compared.to.the.current.scenario.(IPCS.1997).
The.PTWI.for.Al.is.420.mg.for.a.60.kg.adult.(490.mg.for.70.kg.adult).(IPCS.
1997)..This.equates.to.a.TDI.of.1.mg.Al/kg.b.w..Males.consume.2.4.mg.Al/day.
while.females.consume.1.9.mg.Al/day.as.reported.by.the.Australian.market.
basket.survey.(NFA.1993).
Dermal. absorption. of. Al. is. insigniicant. (IPCS. 1997);. therefore,. our. risk.
assessment.for.Al.focused.on.the.oral.ingestion.and.inhalation.routes.
The. highest. concentration. of. bulk. bauxite. tailings. is. 144,800.mg/kg.
(slightly.higher.than.that.of.house.dust)..For.an.adult.who.ingests.25.mg.of.
tailing.dust.a.day.with.a.bioaccessibility.of.about.1%,.this.represents.a.daily.
intake.of.36.2.μg.of.absorbed.aluminum.
PM
10
. ine. dust. has. the. highest. concentration,. at. 190,000.mg/kg. (pg/μg)..
Assume. an. NEPM. dust. value. of. 50.μg/m
3
. (the. actual. medium. value. was.
48.5.μg/m
3
. while. undertaking. tasks. such. as. handling. heavy-duty. earth-
moving. equipment;. data. are. not. presented. in. this. chapter).. An. adult.
breathes. about. 23.m
3
/day. of. air. (NEPC. 1999). and. if. we. assume. the. bioac-
cessibility.of.Al.in.air-borne.dust.to.be.1%.(the.actual.maximum.value.was.
0.53%,.according.to.PBET),.then.the.quantity.of.Al.absorbed.in.dust.inhaled.
would.be.2.2.μg/day..The.total.absorbed.intake.of.Al.from.all.the.three.expo-
sure.routes.added.up.to.0.549.μg.Al/kg.b.w./day,.as.shown.by.the.following.
calculations:
3
3
Al/m
3
Al
=
5 g/m 19
0
μ
×
0 000
,
pg Al/ g
μ
=
9 5
,
00 000
,
pg Al/m 9 5 g
=
.
μ
air
3
3
Al inhaled from air
(
)
=
9 5 g/m 2 m /day
.
µ
×
0
=
218 5 g/day
.
µ
.
Bioaccessible Al absorbed intake
(
)
=
218 5 g 1
.
µ
×
% .
=
2 2 g/day
µ
.
Total.daily.intake.of.Al.from.the.three.exposure.routes:
TI
= +
0
36 2 2 2 38 4 g/day or 549 g
/kg b w/day for an a
.
+
.
=
.
µ
µ
dult of 7 kg b w
0
.
.
.
0
.
.
.
Hazardous index(HI)
TI
TDI
or a safety f
0 549
1 1000
.
=
=
(
×
)
5 49 10
4
−
=
.
×
actor of 1821times
.
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