Assessing Health Risks from Arsenic Intake by Residents in Cambodia - Environmental Contamination: Health Risks and Ecological Restoration - page 80

higher.amount.of.arsenic.than.those.in.Vietnam.and.Thailand..The.higher.
IRs. of. arsenic. might. result. in. more. signiicantly. adverse. health. effects..
Computational.results.of.risk.revealed.that.98.65%.of.respondents.of.Kandal.
posed. the. potential. noncancer. effect.. In. addition,. cancer. risk. index. was.
found.to.be.13.8%.>.1.in.100.and.92.59%.>.1.in.1000,.which.exceeded.the.high-
est.safe.standard.for.cancer.risk,.1.in.10,000..The.calculation.also.indicated.
that,.in.Kratie,.13.48%.of.respondents.were.affected.by.noncancer.and.33.71%.
were.threatened.by.cancer.in.comparison.to.the.highest.safe.standard..It.was.
also.found.that.93.48%.of.respondents.of.Kampong.Cham.appeared.to.be.at.
risk. for. carcinogenic. effects. in.comparison. to.the.safe. standard.for.cancer,.
that.is,.1.in.1,000,000.(Figure.5.2)..The.present.results.corresponded.with.the.
rapid.manifestation.of.arsenicosis.symptoms.discovered.by.Sampson.et.al..
(2008)..Nguyen.et.al..(2009).found.that.approximately.42%.of.Vietnam.resi-
dents.in.the.contaminated.areas.could.be.toxically.affected.by.arsenic.and.
that.carcinogenic.effect.had.the.highest.risk.index,.5.in.1000..It.is.apparent.
that.the.residents.in.the.study.area.of.Kandal.province,.Cambodia,.are.suf-
fering.a.much.higher.risk.of.noncancer.and.cancer.effects..The.highest.risk.
indices.were.found.2.in.100,.9.in.10,000,.and.3.in.100,000.in.Kandal,.Kratie,.
and.Kampong.Cham.provinces,.respectively..Saipan.and.Ruangwises.(2009).
through.duplicate.diet.study.reported.that.residents.of.Ronphibun,.Thailand,.
might. suffer. signiicant. health. impact. because. the. risk. indices. for. cancer.
and.noncancer.were.found.to.be.1.26.×.10 −3 .and.6.98,.which.exceeds.the.safe.
standard. for. cancer,. 1. in. 10,000,. and. typical. toxic. risk. at. 1.00,. respectively..
However,.cases.discovered.in.the.study.area.of.Kandal.province,.Cambodia,.
were. much. more. risky. because. the. residents. in. the. study. area. of. Kandal.
province.were.exposed.to.carcinogenic.effect.on.an.average.of.5.in.1000,.with.
toxic.risk.index.at.11.67.
Arsenic Content in Scalp Hair
The.results.of.ICP-MS.analyses.of.acid-digested.hair.samples.revealed.that,.
in.the.Kandal.province.study.area.(n.=.270),.arsenic.content.in.scalp.hair.(As h ).
ranged.from.0.27.to.57.21.μg/g,.with.mean.and.median.of.6.40.and.4.03.μg/g,.
respectively..Approximately,.78.1%.of.this.group.had.As h .greater.than.typical.
arsenic.concentration.in.scalp.hair.(1.00.μg/g),.indicating.signiicant.arsenic.
toxicity..Concurrently,.in.the.Kratie.province.study.area.(n.=.84),.As h .ranged.
from. 0.05. to. 1.42.μg/g. with. mean. of. 0.29.μg/g. and. median. of. 0.24.μg/g,.
whereas. As h . in. the. Kampong. Cham. province. study. area. (n.=.172). ranged.
from.0.01.to.1.01.μg/g.with.mean.of.0.12.μg/g.and.median.of.0.09.μg/g.(Table.
5.4)..The.upper.end.of.the.ranges.for.the.last.two.groups.were.higher.than.
the.typical.arsenic.concentration,.1.00.μg/g;.approximately.1.2%.and.0.6%.of.
residents. in. the. Kratie. and. Kampong. Cham. province. study. areas,. respec-
tively,.indicated.arsenic.toxicity..However,.arsenic.content.in.the.scalp.hair.
samples.collected.from.the.Kandal.province.residents.can.be.found.in.other.
studies.as.well..Gault.et.al..(2008).reported.that.arsenic.concentration.in.the.