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Infrastructure) [29] present good examples of which research approaches and
what kind of data are used.
Social science and humanities communities and projects are characterized
by multilateral and often global collaborations between researchers who
need to be engaged into collaborative groups or communities and supported
by collaborative infrastructure to share data and discovery/research results
and cooperatively evaluate results. The current trend to digitize all currently
collected physical artifacts will create in the near future a huge amount of
data that must be widely and openly accessible.
2.3.3 General SDI Requirements
From the overview, we can extract the following general infrastructure
requirements for SDI for emerging big data science:
• Support for long-running experiments and a large volume of hetero-
geneous data generated at high speed
• On-demand infrastructure provisioning to support data sets and
scientific workflows and mobility of data-centric scientific applications
• Provision of high-performance computing facilities to allow com-
plex data analytics with evolving research models
• Support for distributed and mobile sensor networks for observation
data collection and advance information visualization
• Support for virtual scientists' communities, addressing dynamic user
groups creation and management, federated identity management
• Support for the whole data life cycle management, particularly advanced
data provenance, data archiving, and consistent data identification
• Multitier interlinked data distribution and replication
• Provision of a trusted environment for data storage and processing
• Support for data integrity, confidentiality, accountability
• Policy binding to data to protect privacy, confidentiality, and intel-
lectual property rights (IPR)
2.4 Scientific Data Management
2.4.1 Scientific Information and Data in Modern e-Science
Emergence of computer-aided research methods is transforming the way
research is done and scientific data are used. The following types of sci-
entific data are defined and illustrated in a form of scientific data pyramid
(see Figure 2.2) [22]:
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