Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
GREENLAND
15
U.S.
(Alaska)
60°
CANADA
10
40°
40°
UNITED STATES
14
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
BAHAMAS
16
MEXICO
19
Tropic of Cancer
CUBA
10
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTO
RICO
20°
20°
20°
JAMAICA
24
20
11
19
BELIZE
U.S.
(Hawaii)
26
HAITI
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
27
25
GUATEMALA
BARBADOS
12
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
18
20
EL SALVADOR
14
17
PACIFIC
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
19
VENEZUELA
20
SURINAME
17
FRENCH GUIANA
COLOMBIA
18
16
GUYANA
0°
Equator
ECUADOR
20
OCEAN
PERU
19
BRAZIL
18
WORLD
BIRTH RATE
per 1,000 population
BOLIVIA
25
20°
20°
20°
Tropic of Capricorn
PARAGUAY
18
35 or more
ARGENTINA
18
14
CHILE
14
URUGUAY
25-34
40°
40°
40°
40°
15-24
Under 15
Data not available
160°
140°
120°
80°
60°
40°
60°
60°
60°
60°
SOUTHERN
OCEAN
0
1000
2000
3000 Kilometers
0
1000
2000 Miles
Figure 2.13
Crude Birth Rate. Number of Births in a year per 1000 People.
Data from:
United States
Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2011.
In the 1800s, as the Industrial Revolution diffused
through continental Europe, other advances also helped
lower death rates. Sanitation facilities made towns and
cities safer from epidemics, and modern medical prac-
tices diffused. Disease prevention through vaccination
introduced a new era in public health. The combined
improvements in food supply and medical practice
resulted in a drastic reduction in death rates. Before 1750
death rates in Europe probably averaged 35 per 1000
(birth rates averaged under 40), but by 1850 the death
rate was down to about 16 per 1000.
Birth rates fell at a slower rate, leading to a popula-
tion explosion. The increase in the rate of population
growth in Europe spurred waves of migration. Millions of
people left the squalid, crowded industrial cities (and farms
as well) to emigrate to other parts of the world. They were
not the fi rst to make this journey. Adventurers, explorers,
merchants, and colonists had gone before them. In a major
wave of colonization from 1500 through the 1700s, Euro-
pean migrants decimated native populations through con-
quest, slavery, and the introduction of diseases against
which the local people had no natural immunity.
