Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Bovingdon
Kings
Langley
Flaunden
Chesham
Cuffley
LONDON REGION
Railroad
Road
Urban area
Parks and forest
Epping
Cheshunt
Northaw
South
Mimms
Chipping
Ongar
Garston
Potters
Bar
Chesham
Bois
Fi d dlers Hamlet
Radlet
Theydon Bois
Waltham Abbey
Botany
Bay
Watford
Little
Chalfont
Amersham
Epping
Forest
Borehamwood
South
Oxhey
Bushey
Monken
Hadley
East Barnet
Cockfosters
Ponders End
Loughton
Rickmansworth
0
2.5
5 Kilometers
Totteridge
Mill Hill
Southgate
Winchmore Hill
Chingford
Edgware
0
2.5
5 Miles
Chigwell
Edmonton
Chalfont
St. Peter
Noake Hill
Woodford
Northwood
Collier
Row
Harold
Hill
Harefield
Friern
Barnet
Finchley
Hainault
Wood
Green
Woodford
Bridge
Pinner
Wealdstone
Tottenham
Gerrards
Cross
Harold
Wood
Hendon
Golders
Green
Gidea Park
Greenhill
Harrow
on the Hill
Barkingside
Kingsbury
Ruislip
Walthamstow
Leyton
Eastcote
Stoke
Newington
Romford
Ickenham
Wembley
Stadium
Seven Kings
Stoke
Poges
Hampstead
Uxbridge
Hornchurch
Wembley
Ilford
Northolt
Aerodrome
Willesden
Forest
Gate
Harlesden
West End
Bethnal
Green
Dagenham
Cowley
Perivale
Greenford
Yeading
Hayes
East Ham
British
Museum
Stepney
West Ham
Creekmouth
Yiewsley
Rainham
LONDON
Paddington
Acton
Wennington
Slough
Buckingham
Palace
Houses of
Parliament
Westminster Abbey
Tower of London
West Drayton
Albert
Hall
Bermondsey
Tate
Gallery
Belvedere
Windsor
Brentford
Harlington
Heston
Chiswick
Poyle
Woolwich
The Oval
Deptford
Abbey Wood
Heathrow
Airport
Erith
Greenwich Obs.
Horton
Kidbrooke
Camberwell
Slade Green
Isleworth
Mortlake
Battersea
East Bedfont
Roehampton Putney
Stanwell
Twickenham
Hither Green
Welling
Crawford
Eltham
Dulwich
West Norwood
All England
Lawn Tennis
Club
Richmond
Park
Ham
Eltham Palace
Dartford
Catford
Syndenham
Hanworth
Coldblow
Egham
Wimbledon
Common
Streatham
Staines
Teddington
Mottingham
Grove
Park
North
Cray
Wimbledon
Penge
Sutton-
at-Hone
Virginia
Water
Bickley
Mitcham
Thames
Ditton
St. Mary
Cray
Morden
Beckenham
Eden Park
West Wickham
Littleton
Chertsey
Swanley
Surbiton
South
Norwood
New
Malden
Carshalton
Walton
Weybridge
Farningham
Beddington
Bromley
Common
Hook
Orpington
Crockenhill
Chelsfield
Claygate
Ewell
Claremont
Eynsford
Green Street
Green
New Addington
Chessington
Wallington
Purley
Badgers's Mount
Epsom
Sanderstead
Kenley
Pratt's
Bottom
Byfleet
Cobham
West
Kingsdown
Woking
Ashtead
Coulsdon
Figure A.1
The layout of London can be shown in considerable detail, including neighborhoods, city parks,
and forests at this large scale.
But when you examine the maps in this topic, you
will note that most, if not all, of them have scales that are
not given as ratios or fractions, but in graphic form. This
method of representing map scale is convenient from sev-
eral viewpoints. Using the edge of a piece of paper and
marking the scale bar's length, the map reader can quickly—
without calculation—determine approximate distances.
And if a map is enlarged or reduced in reproduction, the
scale bar is enlarged or reduced with it and remains accu-
rate. That, of course, is not true of a ratio or fractional scale.
Graphic scales, therefore, are most common in this topic.
there had to be a frame of reference on the globe itself, a
grid system that could be transferred to the fl at page. Any
modern globe shows that system: a set of horizontal lines,
usually at 10-degree intervals north and south from the
equator, called parallels, and another set of vertical lines,
converging on the poles, often shown at 15-degree inter-
vals and called meridians (see box, “Numbering the Grid
Lines”). On the spherical globe, parallels and meridians
intersect at right angles (Fig. A.3).
Numbering the Grid Lines
When cartographers girdled the globe with their imagi-
nary grid lines, they had to identify each line by number,
that is, by degree. For the (horizontal) latitude lines, that
was easy: the equator, which bisects the Earth midway
between the poles, was designated as 0
MAP PROJECTIONS
For centuries cartographers have faced the challenge
of creating map projections, ways representing the spheri-
cal Earth, or part of it, on a fl at surface. To get the job done,
(zero degree)
latitude, and all parallels north and south of the equator
were designated by their angular position (Fig. A.3). The
 
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