Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
13
3
3
6 0 °
13
4
4
2
5
1
1
4
12
1
1
2
2
40 °
40 °
2
12
4
3
6
2
2
ATLANTIC
7
2
7
OCEAN
7
WORLD AGRICULTURE
7
2
Tropic of Cancer
7
5
7
7
20 °
20 °
20 °
5
7
7
7
1
Dairying
10
7
7
12
11
11
7
12
7
2
Fruit, Truck and Specialized Crops
Mixed Livestock and Crop
Farming
Commercial Grain Farming
Subsistence Crop and Livestock
Farming
Mediterranean Agriculture
Diversified Tropical Agriculture
-chiefly plantation
Intensive Subsistence Farming
-chiefly rice
Intensive Subsistence Farming
-chiefly wheat and other crops
Rudimentry Sedentary Cultivation
7
7
7
7
PACIFIC
10
12
7
3
7
11
Equator
4
0 °
10
7
7
5
7
7
11
OCEAN
7
6
7
12
7
7
10
5
7
20 °
20 °
20 °
7
Tropic of Capricorn
8
7
5
3
2
9
2
3
4
6
10
2
12
2
3
40 °
40 °
40 °
40 °
12
11
Shifting Cultivation
12
13
Livestock Ranching
Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic
Herding
12
120 °
40 °
160 °
140 °
80 °
60 °
60 °
60 °
60 °
60 °
Nonagricultural Areas
SOUTHERN
OCEAN
0
1000
2000
3000 Kilometers
0
1000
2000 Miles
Figure 11.18
World Agriculture. Different kinds of agricultural areas are shown throughout the world.
Adapted with permission from: Hammond, Inc., 1977.
production. Understanding the major agricultural zones
shown in Figure 11.18 requires looking at both environ-
mental and social variables.
exports (sugar having been introduced by the European col-
onists in the 1600s). These island countries wish to sell the
sugar at the highest possible price, but they are not in a posi-
tion to dictate prices. Sugar is produced by many countries
in various parts of the world, as well as by farmers in the
global economic core (Fig. 11.18). Governments in the core
place quotas on imports of agricultural products and subsi-
dize domestic production of the same commodities.
Occasionally, producing countries consider forming
a cartel in order to present a united front to the importing
countries and to gain a better price, as oil-producing
states did during the 1970s. Such collective action is dif-
fi cult, as the wealthy importing countries can buy prod-
ucts from countries that are not members of the cartel.
Cash Crops and Plantation Agriculture
Colonialism profoundly shaped nonsubsistence farming in
many poorer countries. Colonial powers implemented agri-
culture systems to benefi t their needs, a practice that has
tended to lock poorer countries into production of one or
two “cash” crops. Cash farming continues to provide badly
needed money, even if the conditions of sale to the urban-
industrial world are unfavorable. In the Caribbean region,
for example, whole national economies depend on sugar
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