Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
GREENLAND
U.S.
(Alaska)
60°
CANADA
40°
40°
UNITED STATES
ATLANTIC
BERMUDA
OCEAN
BAHAMAS
CUBA
MEXICO
Tropic of Cancer
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTO
RICO
20°
20°
20°
JAMAICA
U.S.
(Hawaii)
BELIZE
HAITI
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
BARBADOS
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
EL SALVADOR
PACIFIC
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA
SURINAME
FRENCH GUIANA
GUYANA
Equator
0°
ECUADOR
OCEAN
PERU
BRAZIL
WOMEN IN NATIONAL
LEGISLATURES, 2011
BOLIVIA
20°
20°
20°
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SEATS IN
THE LOWER OR SINGLE HOUSE
AND UPPER HOUSE OR SENATE
PARAGUAY
Tropic of Capricorn
Over 40%
ARGENTINA
CHILE
URUGUAY
31-40%
40°
40°
40°
40°
21-30%
10-20%
Under 10%
160°
140°
120°
80°
60°
40°
60°
60°
60°
60°
SOUTHERN
OCEAN
Data not available
0
1000
2000
3000 Kilometers
0
1000
2000 Miles
Figure 5.17
Women in National Legislatures, 2011.
Data from
: http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
The county borders San Francisco and includes the geo-
graphic areas of Berkeley and Oakland. Latinos populated
the region prior to the Gold Rush. After 1850, migrants
from China came to the county. The fi rst Asian migrants
to the county were widely dispersed, but the fi rst African
Americans lived in a segregated section of the county.
Areas with multiple ethnicities often experience an
ebb and fl ow of acceptance over time. When the economy
is booming, residents are generally more accepting of each
other. When the economy takes a downturn, residents often
begin to resent each other and can blame the “Other” for
their economic hardship (for example, “they” took all the
jobs). In Alameda County, much of the population resented
Chinese migrants when the economy took a downturn in
the 1870s. The United States government passed the fi rst
Chinese Exclusion Act, which prohibited immigration of
Chinese in 1882. Chinese exclusion efforts persisted for
decades afterward in Alameda County and resulted in the
city of Oakland moving Chinatown several times.
During the 1910s, the economy of the region grew
again, but the city of Oakland limited the Chinese residents
to Chinatown, using ethnic segregation to keep them apart
from the rest of the population. Frazier, Margai, and Tettey-
Fio described how Oakland's Chinatown was dictated by
law and not elected by choice:
At a time when the Chinese were benefi ting from a better
economy, the “whites only” specifi cations of local zoning and
neighborhood regulations forced separatism that segregated
the Oakland Chinese into the city's Chinatown. What today
