Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
60
°
NORTH
AMERICA
UNITED
7
40
°
40
°
1
STATES
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Tropic of Cancer
20 °
20 °
20
°
2
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Equator
0
°
5
SOUTH
AMERICA
20
°
20
°
20
°
Tropic of Capricorn
HUMAN MIGRATIONS
IN MODERN TIMES
40
°
40
°
40
°
40
°
European emigration
SOUTHERN OCEAN
Migrations by other peoples
(tied to European intervention)
160
°
140
°
120
°
80
°
60
°
40
°
60
°
60
°
60
°
60
°
0
1000
2000
3000 Kilometers
0
1000
2000 Miles
Figure 3.11
Major Routes of Human Migration between 1500 and 1950 .
© H. J. de Blij, P. O. Muller, and
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
colonial settlements grew, even in coastal areas of present-
day Angola, Kenya, and Indonesia. The rate of European
emigration increased sharply between 1835 and 1935,
with perhaps as many as 75 million departing for colo-
nies in Africa and Asia, and for economic opportunities
in the Americas. Although millions of Europeans even-
tually returned to their homelands, the net outfl ow from
Europe was enormous, as evidenced by the sheer number
of Canadians and Americans who identify themselves as
being of European ancestry.
As already discussed, the Americas were the des-
tination of another mass of immigrants: African slaves.
African slaves were among the very fi rst non-American
Indian settlers in this country (4). Although this migra-
tion is mapped as just one of the eight major migration
streams, its immense and lasting impact on both sides of
the Atlantic sets it apart from all the others.
Even as the Atlantic slave trade was in progress,
European colonialism generated major migrations in other
places in the world. The British, who took control over
South Asia, transported tens of thousands of “indentured”
workers from present-day India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
to East and South Africa (see symbol (5) on Fig. 3.11).
Today, people of South Asian ancestry are substantial
minorities in South Africa, Kenya, and Tanzania. South
Asian immigrants in eastern and southern Africa became
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