Shape selectivity in zeolite catalysis. The Methanol to Hydrocarbons (MTH) reaction - Catalysis - page 190

Table 3 An overview of MTH process development.

Year Developed by Process Statues

1981-1984 Mobil MTG Demonstrated on a 4 b/d plant in Paulsboro,

NJ, USA. 65

1981-1984 Mobil MTG Demonstrated on a 100 b/d plant in

Wesseling, Germany. 66

1985 Mobil MTG Commercialized in New Zealand

(14500 b/d). 59

TIGAS b 1980s Haldor Topsøe A demonstration plant developed based on

ZSM-5 (1 t/d). 67

2009 Shanxi Coal Institute MTG A demonstration plant brought on stream in

Shanxi, province, China (100 kt/y). 47

2009 UOP/INEOS and

Total OCP a

MTO A semi-commercial demonstration unit built

in Feluy, Belgium (10 t/d). 68

2010 CAC Chemnitz STF Currently in a demonstration phase

syngas-to-fuel unit, developed in
Germany. 69

2010 Haldor Topsøe TIGAS Currently being demonstrated in Des

Plaines, USA, where a wood gasifier is
running. 70

DMTO c 2010 Dalian Institute for

Chemical Physics

A plant based on SAPO-34 started in Baotou,
China (600 kt/y). 47

2010 Lurgi MTP First plant started in China (500 kt/y propene

and 185 kt/y gasoline). 47

2011 UOP Advanced

MTO

Construction of a plant in Nanjing, China
announced (295 kt/y). 47

2012 ExxonMobil MTG Announced a licensing agreement with

Sundrop Fuels Inc. (3,500 b/d). 71

2012 UOP Advanced

MTO

Announced a licensing agreement with
China's Jiutai Energy (Zhungeer) Co. Ltd.
(600 kt/y). 72

2012 UOP Advanced

MTO

Announced a licencing agreement
with Shandong Yangmei Hengtong
Chemicals Co. Ltd. (295 kt/y) 73

2013 UOP Advanced

MTO

Announced a licensing agreement with
Jiangsu Sailboat Co. Ltd. (833 kt/y) 73

a Olefin cracking process.
b Topsøe integrated gasoline synthesis process.
c Dalian methanol to olefins.

mechanistic works were devoted to direct formation of carbon-carbon
bonds from C 1 units (methanol or dimethyl ether), and several mech-
anisms were proposed. 47 However, high energy barriers are involved in
the direct coupling of C 1 units, and the proposed mechanisms lack ex-
perimental evidence. 47 Already in 1979, Chen and Reagan suggested that
the MTH reaction was autocatalytic. 74 20 years later, Song et al. per-
formed the MTH reaction using extremely purified reagents and reported
a dramatic decrease in the initial rate of methanol conversion. 75 It was
suggested from the observation that the rate at which the direct C 1 -C 1
coupling operates is irrelevant compared to the rate at which trace im-
purities of C 2 þ compounds initiate the reaction. Recent theoretical work
also illuminate the main bottlenecks of C 1 -C 1 coupling reactions, and
support the conclusion that this route is not viable. 76 At present, the