Notes - Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences - page 273

represent the processes that go on in the atmosphere, the ocean, glaciers, ice caps, the biosphere,
and their interactions and feedbacks.
2 . S. R. Weart, The Discovery of Global Warming (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 2008), 56-57.
3 . S. Manabe and R. Wetherald, “Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Dis-
tribution of Relative Humidity,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 24 (1967).
4 . Weart, The Discovery of Global Warming , 97.
5 . W. S. Broecker, “Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warm-
ing?” Science 189, no. 4201 (1975).
6 . S. Manabe and R. T. Wetherald, “The Effects of Doubling the CO 2 Concentration on the
Climate of a General Circulation Model,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 32 (1975).
7 . S. Arrhenius, “On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air Upon the Temperature of the
Ground,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
41, no. 251 (1896): 268.
8 . Manabe and Wetherald, “The Effects of Doubling the CO 2 Concentration,” 3.
9 . Ibid., 13.
10 . W. Washington, Odyssey in Climate Modeling, Global Warming, and Advising Five Pres-
idents (Lulu.com, 2007), http://books.google.com/books?id =dLhVn-McDDgC .
11 . http://www.aip.org/history/climate/GCM.htm .
12 . J. G. Charney et al., Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment (Washington,
D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press, 1979), 2.
13 . Ibid., 3.
14 . J. Hansen et al., “Climate Response Times: Dependence on Climate Sensitivity and Ocean
Mixing,” Science 229, no. 4716 (1985): 857.
15 . J. Hansen et al., “Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,” Science
213, no. 4511 (1981).
16 . Ibid., 964.
Warming Is Unequivocal
1 . J. Hansen et al., “Potential Climate Impact of Mount Pinatubo Eruption,” Geophysical Re-
search Letters 19, no. 2 (1992): 215.
2 . P. Shabecoff, “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate,” New York Times (June
24, 1988).
3 . M. I. Hoffert and C. Covey, “Deriving Global Climate Sensitivity from Palaeoclimate Re-
constructions,” Nature 360, no. 6404 (1992): 573.
4 . J. Overpeck et al., “Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries,” Science 278,
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5 . D. W. J. Thompson and S. Solomon, “Recent Stratospheric Climate Trends as Evidenced in
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6 . World Climate Conference, Proceedings of the World Climate Conference: A Conference
of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva, 12-23 February 1979 (Geneva, 1979), 713.
7 . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Overview and Policymaker Summaries: First
Assessment Report (IPCC, 1990).