Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
According to Warren Washington, the elder Panofsky joined Albert Einstein, who had emigrated
that same year and for the same reason, at the Institute of Advanced Studies at Princeton
University. The story goes that young Hans served as a driver for his father and Einstein, neither
of whom possessed a driver's license, allowing him to eavesdrop on their backseat conversa-
tions and perhaps influencing the young man to become a scientist.
18
. H. A. Panofsky, “Theories of Climate Change,”
Weatherwise
9, no. 6 (1956).
19
. Ibid., 184.
20
. E. O. Hulburt, “The Temperature of the Lower Atmosphere of the Earth,”
Physical
Review
38, no. 10 (1931).
21
. Ibid., 1890.
22
. S. R. Weart,
The Discovery of Global Warming
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 2008), explains this well; see, e.g., 23.
23
. G. S. Callendar, “The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and Its Influence on Tem-
perature.”
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
64 (1938): 223-240.
24
. Ibid., 223.
25
. J. R. Fleming,
The Callendar Effect: The Life and Work of Guy Stewart Callendar
(1898-1964), the Scientist Who Established the Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change
(Bo-
ston, Mass.: American Meteorological Society, 2007), 65.
26
. Fleming,
Historical Perspectives on Climate Change
, 115.
A Unique Experiment of Planetary Dimensions
1
. C. E. P. Brooks, “Geological and Historical Aspects of Climatic Change,” in
Compendium
of Meteorology
(Boston: American Meteorological Society, 1951).
2
. G. N. Plass, J. R. Fleming, and G. Schmidt, “Carbon Dioxide and the Climate,”
American
Scientist
98, no. 1 (2010).
3
. Ibid.
4
. G. N. Plass, “The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change,”
Tellus
8, no. 2 (1956):
142.
5
. Ibid., 149.
6
. “Invisible Blanket,”
Time
(May 25, 1953).
7
. H. E. Suess, “Radiocarbon Concentration in Modern Wood,”
Science
122 (1955): 415.
8
. R. Revelle and H. E. Suess, “Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean
and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO
2
During the Past Decades,”
Tellus B
9, no.
1 (1957): 18.
9
. Ibid., 26.
10
. Revelle and Suess, “Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean,” 19-20.
Giant Brains
1
. “Model” refers not to something physical but to a set of mathematical equations that ex-
press the relationships between as many of the components of climate as possible, including the
feedbacks. Hulburt's “model” from 1931 had so few equations that he could solve them by
hand. Today's supercomputer GCMs may have a million lines or more of computer code that
