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a sedimentary layer of a certain thickness, the longer it took that layer to accumulate. The rate at
which meteoritic material falls to Earth is known, as is the amount of iridium in meteorites, so
that the iridium content of sediments can be used as a proxy for the total amount of meteoritic
material present and thus allow an estimate of the time the sediments took to accumulate.
7 . C. B. Officer and C. L. Drake, “The Cretaceous-Tertiary Transition,” Science 219, no. 4591
(1983); C. B. Officer and C. L. Drake, “Terminal Cretaceous Environmental Events,” Science
227 (1985).
8 . W. Alvarez, T. Rex and the Crater of Doom (New York: Vintage, 1998).
9 . A. R. Hildebrand and W. V. Boynton, “Proximal Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Impact De-
posits in the Caribbean,” Science 248, no. 4957 (1990).
10 . Glen Penfield, personal communication.
11 . A. Hildebrand and W. Boynton, “Cretaceous Ground Zero,” Natural History 6 (1991): 52.
12 . G. Penfield and Z. Camargo, “Definition of a Major Igneous Zone in the Central Yucatan
Platform with Aeromagnetics and Gravity,” paper presented at the Fifty-First Society of Explor-
ation Geophysicists Annual Meeting, Technical Program Abstracts, 1981.
13 . C. Byars, “Mexican Site Maybe Link to Dinosaurs' Disappearance,” Houston Chronicle
(December 13, 1981); cited in V. L. Sharpton et al., “A Model of the Chicxulub Impact Basin
Based on Evaluation of Geophysical Data, Well Logs, and Drill Core Samples,” in The
Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History: Geological Society of
America Special Paper 307 (1996), 72.
14 . “Possible Yucatan Impact Basin,” Sky and Telescope (1982): 249.
15 . D. A. Kring, A. R. Hildebrand, and W. V. Boynton, “The Petrology of an Andesitic Melt
Rock and a Polymict Breccia from the Interior of the Chicxulub Structure, Yucatán, Mexico,” in
Abstracts of Papers Submitted to the Twenty-Second Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,
March 18-22, 1991 , 756.
16 . A. R. Hildebrand et al., “Chicxulub Crater: A Possible Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Im-
pact Crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico,” Geology 19, no. 9 (1991).
Out with a Bang
1 . C. Officer et al., “Cretaceous-Tertiary Events and the Caribbean Caper,” GSA Today 2, no.
4 (1992).
2 . Ibid., 74.
3 . C. B. Officer and J. Page, The Great Dinosaur Extinction Controversy (Reading, Mass.:
Addison-Wesley, 1996).
4 . Here Officer and Page are quoting from Nuell Pharr Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968).
5 . T. J. Schopf, “Extinction of the Dinosaurs: A 1982 Understanding,” in Geological Implica-
tions of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth: Geological Society of America
Special Paper 190 (1982): 415, 421.
6 . W. A. Clemens, J. D. Archibald, and L. J. Hickey, “Out with a Whimper Not a Bang,” Pa-
leobiology 7, no. 3 (1981): 297.
7 . R. A. Kerr, “Dinosaurs and Friends Snuffed Out?” Science 251 (1991).
8 . G. Keller and E. Barrera, “The Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Impact Hypothesis and the
Paleontological Record,” in Global Catastrophes in Earth History (1990), 563, 566.
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