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17 . K. M. Creer, “Palaeomagnetic Data from the Gondwanic Continents,” Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
258, no. 1088 (1965): 27.
18 . E. Bullard, J. E. Everett, and A. G. Smith, “The Fit of the Continents around the Atlantic,”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physic-
al Sciences 258, no. 1088 (1965).
19 . E. Bullard, “Concluding Remarks,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 258, no. 1088 (1965): 323.
Spreading Seafloors
1 . W. Glen, The Road to Jaramillo: Critical Years of the Revolution in Earth Science (Stan-
ford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), 263.
2 . R. Mason, “Stripes on the Sea Floor,” in Plate Tectonics: An Insider's History of the
Modern Theory of the Earth (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2001), 31-33.
3 . Ibid., 36.
4 . D. Raff and R. G. Mason, “Magnetic Survey off the West Coast of North America, 40 N.
Latitude to 52 N. Latitude,” Geological Society of America Bulletin 72, no. 8 (1961).
5 . Glen, The Road to Jaramillo , 274.
6 . A. O. Allwardt, The Roles of Arthur Holmes and Harry Hess in the Development of
Modern Global Tectonics (University Microfilms International, 1990), 190.
7 . H. R. Frankel, The Continental Drift Controversy , vol. 3: Introduction of Seafloor Spread-
ing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 232.
8 . Allwardt, The Roles of Arthur Holmes and Harry Hess , 193.
9 . Geological Society of America, Petrologic Studies: A Volume in Honor of A. F. Budding-
ton (Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, 1962).
10 . C. Bowin, “Historical Note on 'Evolution of Ocean Basins' Preprint by H. H. Hess
[1906-1969],” Geology 15, no. 5 (1987).
11 . H. H. Hess, “History of Ocean Basins,” in Petrologic Studies: A Volume to Honor A. F.
Buddington , 608. Remanent magnetism is that inherent in the rocks, in the absence of the
Earth's magnetic field.
12 . Ibid., 617, 609, 617.
13 . R. S. Dietz, “Continent and Ocean Basin Evolution by Spreading of Sea Floor,” Nature
190, no. 477 (1961): 854.
14 . Ibid., 855.
15 . Ibid., 857.
16 . See, for example, Allwardt, The Roles of Arthur Holmes and Harry Hess ; Frankel, The
Continental Drift Controversy , vol. 3; and N. Oreskes, The Rejection of Continental Drift: The-
ory and Method in American Earth Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
17 . A. Holmes, Principles of Physical Geology (London: T. Nelson and Sons, 1944), 508,
506-508.
18 . A. Holmes, “Radioactivity and Earth Movements,” Transactions of the Geological Soci-
ety of Glasgow 18 (1929).
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