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9 . Ibid. This article includes an exchange of letters among Perry, Tait, and Kelvin, which in-
cludes the quotation from Kelvin.
10 . W. T. Kelvin, First Baron, “The Annual Address: The Age of the Earth as an Abode Fitted
for Life,” Transactions of the Victoria Institute (1898): 12.
11 . Ibid., 19.
12 . T. C. Chamberlin, “Lord Kelvin's Address on the Age of the Earth as an Abode Fitted for
Life,” Science 9 (1899): 890.
13 . Ibid., 891.
14 . Ibid., 10, 12. (The article was continued in the following issue of Science , with new pa-
gination.)
15 . G. P. Merrill, The First One Hundred Years of American Geology (New York: Hafner,
1964).
16 . P. N. W. Jackson, “John Joly (1857-1933) and His Determinations of the Age of the
Earth,” Geological Society, London, Special Publications 190, no. 1 (2001).
17 . G. F. Becker, “Halley on the Age of the Ocean,” Science 31, no. 795 (1910): 461.
18 . J. Joly, “An Estimate of the Geological Age of the Earth,” Scientific Transactions of the
Royal Dublin Society 7 (1899): 25.
19 . Jackson, “John Joly (1857-1933),” 110.
20 . J. Joly, The Surface-History of the Earth (Oxford: Clarendon, 1930); and J. Joly, “History
of the Irish Radium Institute (1914-1930),” in Royal Dublin Society Bicentenary Souvenir
1731-1931 (1931).
Strange Rays
1 . The standard source of the life of Rutherford is A. S. Eve, Rutherford (Macmillan, 1939).
2 . E. Rutherford and F. Soddy, “XLI. The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity.—Part I,” The
London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 4, no. 21
(1902): 436.
3 . F. Soddy, “The Origins of the Conceptions of Isotopes,” in Nobel Lecture (1922).
4 . E. Rutherford and F. Soddy, “XLI. The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity.—Part I” and
“LXIV. The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity.—Part II,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 4, no. 23 (1902). “XXXIII.—the Radioactivity
of Thorium Compounds. I. An Investigation of the Radioactive Emanation,” Journal of the
Chemical Society, Transactions 81 (1902). “LXXXIV.—the Radioactivity of Thorium Com-
pounds. II. The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity,” Journal of the Chemical Society, Transac-
tions 81 (1902). “LX. Radioactive Change,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical
Magazine and Journal of Science 5, no. 29 (1903).
An Hourglass of Great Precision
1 . A. S. Eve, Rutherford (Macmillan, 1939), 89.
2 . E. Rutherford, Radioactive Transformations (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1906).
3 . Ibid., 15.
4 . Eve, Rutherford , 107.
5 . Ibid.
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