Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
21
Biosensors for Virus Detection
Ebtisam S. Wilkins and Ravil A. Sitdikov
CONTENTS
21.1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................568
21.1.1
Virion and Virus Structure ............................................................................569
21.1.2
Viral Taxonomy (Classification) ....................................................................571
21.1.3
How Virus Cause Disease ..............................................................................571
21.1.4
Detection Methods ..........................................................................................572
21.1.5
Stains for Diagnosis of Viral Infections ........................................................573
21.1.6
Direct Detection in Smears ............................................................................573
21.1.7
Detection in Tissue Sections ..........................................................................575
21.1.8
Foodborne Illness ............................................................................................575
21.2
Biosensors for Detection of Virus and Bacteria ........................................................576
21.2.1
Genosensors ......................................................................................................576
21.2.1.1
DNA Chips and DNA Biosensors ..............................................576
21.2.1.2
Differential Pulse Voltammetry and Electrochemical
Genosensing ....................................................................................577
21.2.2
Impedance Sensor ............................................................................................577
21.2.3
Immunomagnetic Technique ..........................................................................578
21.2.4
Atomic Force Microscopy-Immunosensor Assay ......................................578
21.2.5
Flow Cytometry ..............................................................................................578
21.2.6
Optical Biosensors ..........................................................................................579
21.2.7
Piezoelectric-Based Acoustic Wave Devices ................................................579
21.2.8
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) ......................................................................580
21.2.9
Biosensors for Environmental Applications ................................................580
21.2.10
Electrochemical Biosensors ............................................................................580
21.2.10.1
Potential Markets for Biosensors ................................................582
21.3
Commercial Equipment for Monitoring Virus ..........................................................583
21.3.1
Commercial Kits ..............................................................................................583
21.3.1.1
Directigen™ Flu A, Directigen™ Flu A
B (Becton and
Dickinson, Inc.) ..............................................................................583
21.3.1.2
B from QUIDEL Company ........584
21.3.1.3 The BinaxNOW
®
Influenza A and B test (Binax, Inc.) ..............585
The QuickVue Influenza A
21.3.2
Commercial Equipment ................................................................................585
21.3.2.1
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Analyzer: QCM100
(Stanford Research Systems, Inc.) ................................................585
21.3.2.2
Packaged Interdigitated Microsensor Electrodes,
(ABTECH Scientific, Inc.) ..............................................................586
567
