Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 6.1
Comparison of Ethanol Effects on Mammals and FC Cultures
Mammal
Concentration
Effect
Humans
5-15
Slight impairment of attention and judgment
Humans
10-22
Impairment of speech and balance
Humans
15-30
Significant sedation
Rats
20
Sedation
FC cultures
10
First measurable change in activity pattern (slight excitation)
FC cultures
15
First overt change in spike and burst production (inhibition)
Humans
30-55
Mental confusion
Mice
40
Loss of righting reflex
FC cultures
48.8
EC
50
for spike production
Humans
100
Coma and death
Mice
120
Coma, hypothermia
FC cultures
100-140
Cessation of all spontaneous activity
Note
: FC = frontal cortex.
Source
: From Charness, M.E., Simon, R.P., and Greenberg, D.A. (1989). Ethanol and the nervous system.
The New
England Journal of Medicine
321: 442-454; Little, H.J. (1990) Mechanisms that may underlie the behavioral effects
of ethanol.
Progress in Neurobiology
36: 171-194. With permission.
800
100
µ
m
10
µ
m
200
µ
m
(a)
600
350
µ
m
Wash
×
3
400
200
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
30
10
µ
m
50
m
200
µ
m
350
µ
m
µ
(b)
Wash
×
3
100
µ
m
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Time (min)
Ch
-
O-CO-S(CH
2
)
4
-CO-OCh
-
50
µ
25
µ
30
75
µ
m
100
µ
m
125
µ
m
Mean
spike
rate
Mean
burst
rate
1400
m
m
25
1200
20
1000
800
15
600
10
400
5
200
0
0
0
DMEA
-
O-CO-S(CH
2
)
4
-CO-DMEA
-
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
(c)
Time (min)
FIGURE 6.9
Irreversible inhibition of network activity by a choline-based compound with a six-carbon spacer. (a) Mean spike
rates per minute and burst rates per min (b) with standard deviations per minute show a small increase in activ-
ity until activity shut-off at 350 µM. The SD for the burst rate also increases until catastrophic network failure.
Inhibition was not reversible by three medium changes. Frontal cortex culture, 28 d.i.v. (c) Biphasic response of
the four-carbon spacer, DMEA residue bis-thiocarbonate showing excitation at 25-50 µM followed by inhibition
and activity recovery after a single medium change at 200 min (redrawn from Keefer et al., 2001).
