Databases Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter 1
Introduction
“One is obliged to admit that perception and what depends upon
it is inexplicable on mechanical principles, that is, by figures and
motions. In imagining that there is a machine whose construction
would enable it to think, to sense, and to have perception, one
could conceive it enlarged while retaining the same proportions,
so that one could enter into it, just like into a windmill. Supposing
this, one should, when visiting within it, find only parts pushing
one another, and never anything by which to explain a perception.”
—
Leibniz
, Monadology
1.1 As We See, We Learn
As human beings, our physiological structure enables us to look, speak,
hear, taste, smell, touch, and feel our surroundings. If we look at a familiar
object, say a tree, we can tell that it is a tree and not a chimney or a water
reservoir. Our ability to recognize and differentiate between objects that we
see, hear, and touch would not be possible without the presence of a powerful
sensory system. Our brain and our nervous system allow us to experience our
surroundings through a combination of senses and memories.
It is estimated that the human brain comprises approximately 80 to 120
billion neurons, which respond to a multitude of actions, perceptions, and
emotions. From a physical perspective, our brains could be considered as
large-scale interconnected networks of sensory systems and memories. See-
ing, identifying, and recalling what we have observed make up a significant
portion of the activities conducted within these large-scale networks.
The recall process, also known as recognition, is a part of information pro-
cessing that happens in our brain-nervous systems. Watkins and Gardiner
[5] suggested a two-stage theory, in which recall begins with a search and
retrieval process that is followed by a decision or recognition process. The
correct information is chosen in the decision process from that which has
been retrieved. Recognition of objects and other forms of events or stimuli is
part of our brains' activities. Strong interest in this area has led to further
understanding of the recognition process and how it can be performed us-
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