Notes - Burdens of Proof - page 208

“Models, Stories, and the Economic World,” Journal of Economic Methodology 8,
no. 3 (2001): 361-384.
60. Sergio Sismondo, “Models, Simulations, and Their Objects,” Science in Context
12, no. 2 (1999): 258.
61. Ibid., 247.
62. Tikhonov, “Mathematical Models.” See the scientists interviewed in Daniela M.
Bailer-Jones, “Scientists' Thoughts on Scientific Models,” Perspectives on Science 10,
no. 3 (2002): 275-301.
63. Giere, Science Without Laws , 93.
64. Ronald N. Giere, “How Models Are Used to Represent Reality,” Philosophy of
Science 71, no. 5 (2004): 747-748.
65. Paul N. Edwards, A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics
of Global Warming (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), xiii-xiv. See chapters 6-7 for
a more specific discussion on climate modeling.
66. Donald A. MacKenzie, An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape
Markets (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 11.
67. Donald A. MacKenzie, “An Equation and its Worlds,” Social Studies of Science 33,
no. 6 (2003): 831.
68. MacKenzie, An Engine, Not a Camera , 160.
69. Ibid., 256. MacKenzie does warn that this argument should not be taken to
extremes. For example, “market practitioners' adoption of financial economics has
not rendered fully performative economics' pervasive, often implicit, underlying
assumption of rational egoism.” MacKenzie, “An Equation and its Worlds,” 831.
70. MacKenzie, An Engine, Not a Camera , 163.
71. Donald A. MacKenzie, Material Markets: How Economic Agents Are Constructed
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 15-16.
72. Herbert Mehrtens, “Mathematical Models,” in Models: The Third Dimension of
Science , ed. Soraya De Chadarevian and Nick Hopwood (Stanford: Stanford Univer-
sity Press, 2004), 276-306.
73. Ibid., 278. On the epistemological status of diagrams, see also Brian Rotman,
“Thinking Dia-Grams: Mathematics, Writing, and Virtual Reality,” The South Atlantic
Quarterly 94, no. 2 (1995): 389-416; and Brian Rotman, Mathematics as Sign: Writing,
Imagining, Counting (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), especially chapter 2,
“Making Marks on Paper.”
74. Mehrtens, “Mathematical Models,” 300. Gray narrates a similar process: “The
modernist ideology in mathematics preached renunciation from the world, in the