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Figure 6.1. Beer as businessman. Source: Beer 1994a, facing p. 1. (This and other
Beer images in this chapter, where otherwise unattributed, are courtesy of Cwarel
Isaf Institute and Malik Management Zentrum St. Gallen [www.management.kybernetik
.com, www.malik-mzsg.ch].)
of Beer” (Beer 2000). After 1970, he occupied many institutional roles and
gained many honors. At different times he was president of the Operational
Research Society, the Society for General Systems Research, and the World
Organization of Systems and Cybernetics. He had several footholds in the
academic world, though none of them full-time. His most enduring academic
base was at the Business School of Manchester University, where he was visit-
ing professor of cybernetics from 1969 to 1993. He was research professor of
managerial cybernetics at University College Swansea from 1990 to 1997, vis-
iting professor of management science at the University of Durham from 1990
to 1995, visiting professor of cybernetics at the University of Sunderland and
life professor of organizational transformation at Liverpool John Moores Uni-
versity, both from 1997 until his death. And so on, including visiting professor-
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