Health Effects of Aerosols - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 618

21.5

Cincinnati

Birmingham

1.15

21.0

1.10

20.5

1.05

20.0

19.5

1.00

25 50 75 100 125 150 25 50 75 100 125 150

TSP PM 12

(a) (b)

1.6

51

Utah valley Shenyang, china

50

1.5

49

1.4

48

1.3

47

46

1.2

45

1.1

44

43

1.0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

(c) PM 12 (d) TSP

1050

Cross-sectional data
from ACS study

1.30

From Harvard
six-cities study

1000

1.25

950

1.20

900

1.15

850

800

1.10

750

1.05

700

1.00

650

10 15 20 25 30 10 15 20 25 30

(e) Mean PM 2.5 (f) Mean PM 2.5

FIGURE 23.29 Plots of exposure-response relations from selected studies. (a-d) Nonparametric smooth
curves of adjusted daily deaths or adjusted relative risk of death for selected daily time series mortality
studies. (From Pope, C.A., Am. J. Epidemiol ., 152, 407, 2000, Figure 2.)

have found associations between increased levels of daily PM and reduced high-frequency heart
rate variability (due to vagus nerve control) [252-257]. Gold et al. [254] evaluated changes in
heart rate variability with 5 min of controlled outdoor exercise in subjects aged 53-87 years.
These investigators observed an association between increased 4 h mean pre-exercise PM 2.5 con-
centration and decreased heart rate variability. A 221-day study in an elderly population in a