Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fine
particles
Inhalable, coarse, and
total suspended particles
Sulfate
particles
Gaseous pollutants
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
FIGURE 23.20  Summary of associations between various indicators of PM aerosol and gaseous pollutants
for the ACS study over different averaging periods. (From Pope, C.A. 3rd et al., JAMA , 287, 1132, 2002 as
presented by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Fourth external review draft of air quality
criteria for particulate matter (June, 2003), Volume II, U.S. EPA, Report No.: EPA/600/P-99/002aD, Research
Triangle Park, NC, 2003.)
PM 2.5 (similar when expressed as sulfate). Over the 21 year of follow-up each, 10 μg/m 3 increase
in average PM 2.5 across the metropolitan statistical areas was associated with the following
increases in mortality: all-cause 5% (95% CI: 2%-11%), cardiopulmonary 9% (3%-16%), and
lung cancer 14% (4%-23%) (see Table 23.2 of Ref. [192]). The effects were approximately of
the same magnitude when based on levels over the years 1979-1983 and 1999-2000. A similar
inding with respect to period of exposure was reported for the Harvard Six Cities data [193].
 
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