Health Effects of Aerosols - Aerosols: Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects - page 597

TABLE 23.10
RRs (95% CI) of Mortality by Cause of Death Associated with
an Increase in Fine Particles in Risk Models with Alternative
Time Axes in the Reanalysis of the Six Cities Study a

Risk Model Calendar Year Age

All causes (100%) b
Base c

1.33 (1.14-1.54) 1.33 (1.15-1.55)

Original 1.29 (1.11-1.50) 1.29 (1.11-1.50)

Full 1.27 (1.09-1.49) 1.27 (1.09-1.48)

Extended 1.28 (1.09-1.49) 1.27 (1.09-1.48)

Cardiopulmonary disease (54%)
Base 1.39 (1.13-1.70) 1.39 (1.14-1.71)

Original 1.35 (1.10-1.66) 1.34 (1.09-1.65)

Full 1.31 (1.06-1.62) 1.30 (1.05-1.60)

Extended 1.32 (1.07-1.63) 1.31 (1.06-1.61)

Cardiovascular disease (47%)
Base 1.43 (1.15-1.78) 1.44 (1.16-1.79)

Original 1.41 (1.13-1.76) 1.40 (1.12-1.74)

Full 1.38 (1.10-1.72) 1.35 (1.08-1.69)

Extended 1.39 (1.11-1.73) 1.37 (1.09-1.70)

Respiratory disease (7%)
Base

1.11 (0.62-1.97) 1.10 (0.63-1.95)

Original 0.93 (0.51-1.71) 0.95 (0.53-1.72)

Full 0.89 (0.47-1.67) 0.94 (0.51-1.73)

Extended 0.88 (0.47-1.64) 0.93 (0.51-1.69)

Lung cancer (8%)
Base

1.53 (0.91-2.55) 1.64 (0.99-2.72)

Original 1.31 (0.76-2.25) 1.53 (0.90-2.60)

Full 1.30 (0.76-2.23) 1.42 (0.84-2.42)

Extended 1.29 (0.75-2.22) 1.45 (0.85-2.47)

Other cancers (20%)
Base 1.05 (0.74-1.48) 1.04 (0.73-1.47)

Original 1.04 (0.73-1.47) 1.02 (0.72-1.45)

Full 1.11 (0.78-1.59) 1.09 (0.77-1.55)

Extended 1.10 (0.77-1.57) 1.08 (0.76-1.54)

Source: Adapted from Health Effects Institute, Special Report: Reanalysis of the
Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society of Particulate Air
Pollution and Mortality , Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, July 2000.
a RRs were calculated for a change in the pollutant of interest equal to the difference in
mean concentrations between the most polluted city and the least polluted city; in the
Six Cities study, this difference for ine particles was 18.6 μg/m 3 .
b Percentages are percentages of all deaths.
c Base: air pollution, no covariates; original: used by original investigators; full: many
covariates; extended: most parsimonious model.