Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 23.9
Summary of Effects of Ambient PM Aerosol on Birth and Neonatal Outcomes
Non-Acute Exposure
Outcome
PM Species Measured
a
Location
References
Neonatal (within irst
year) mortality
1. Total suspended particulates (TSP)
(SO
2
, NO
x
)—cross-sectional, no personal
exposure estimates
Czech Republic 1986-1988
[177]
2. PM
10
irst 2 months of life
United States (NCHS
1989-1991)
[178]
3. TSP (SO
2
, NO
2
)—monthly exposure for each
month of pregnancy
Czech Republic 1989-1991
[179]
4. Distance from a coke works within 7.5 km
(no effect observed)
England, Wales, Scotland
1981-1992
[291]
Birth outcomes
b
1. LBW (+)
1. TSP and SO
2
exposure during each trimester
and weekly prenatal moving averages
Beijing, China 1988-1991
[184]
2. TSP (SO
2
, NO
x
)—ecological study
(SO
2
effect only)
Czech Republic 1986-1988
[292]
2. SB (−), LBW (+)
3. PM
10
, PM
2.5
(monthly exposure estimates)
4. PM
10
, CO, NO
2
, O
3
(monthly exposure
estimates)
3. IUGR (+)
5. Modeled TSP (SO
2
)
Czech Republic 1994-1996
[293]
4. PTD (+)
6. PM
10
, PM
2.5
, PM
2.5
PAH (monthly average
exposures)
Southern California
1989-1993
[183]
5. VLBW (+)
7. TSP (SO
2
, NO
x
) (trimester-speciic exposure)
Georgia, United States 1988
[294]
6. IUGR (+)
8. TSP (SO
2
, NO
2
, CO, O
3
) (irst and third
trimester- speciic exposure)
Czech Republic 1994-1998
[182]
7. LBW (+), PTD (+)
IUGR (−)
9. PM
10
(CO, NO
2
, O
3
) month-speciic exposure
estimate—association only with CO
Czech Republic 1990-1991
[295]
8. LBW (+)
10. Distance-weighted trafic density in relation
to residence (based on dispersion of vehicle
exhaust within 750 m radius of residence)
Seoul, Korea, 1996-1997
[296]
9. Birth defects: Cardiac
(+), orofacial (±)
11. Personal PAH during 2 days of the third
trimester (nonsmoking subjects)
Southern California
1987-1993
[297]
10. PTD (+), LBW (±)
Southern California,
1994-1996
[290]
11. LBW (+)
New York City
[186]
Daily (Acute) Exposure
Neonatal mortality
1. PM
2.5
(O
3
, NO
2
, NO, SO
2
)
Mexico City 1993-1995
[181]
Intrauterine mortality
1. Daily PM
10
(NO
2
, SO
2
, CO, O
3
)
last 28 weeks of pregnancy
São Palo, Brazil,
1991-1992
[180]
Birth outcomes
1. GA (+), PTD (+)
1. TSP, SO
2
Beijing, China, 1988
[298]
IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; LBW, low birth weight; VLBW, very low evaluated but no or an imprecisely estimated
association was observed; SGA, small for gestational age; PTD, preterm delivery; GA, gestational age; DP, duration
of pregnancy; SB, stillbirth.
a
Pollutants in parentheses are the non-PM pollutants also evaluated.
b
Studies often assess more than one outcome. A “+” after the outcome indicates that an adverse association was seen. A “−”
indicates that the outcome was evaluated but no or an imprecisely estimated association was observed.
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